Table 3. Healthcare utilization and cost by frailty transition.
| Variables | Frailty transition group, Mean (SD) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust to robust (1) | Robust to pre-frail (2) | Robust to frail (3) | Pre-frail to robust (4) | Pre-frail to pre-frail (5) | Pre-frail to frail (6) | Frail to robust (7) | Frail to pre-frail (8) | Frail to frail (9) | P value | |
| Inpatient daysa | 0.58 (11.27) | 1.10 (11.19) | 7.67 (22.58) | 0.48 (10.78) | 1.47 (23.87) | 13.70 (44.09) | −4.26 (16.29) | 11.72 (50.83) | 2.51 (32.05) | < 0.001 |
| Inpatient frequencyb | 0.06 (1.23) | 0.19 (1.38) | 0.58 (1.51) | 0.00 (1.23) | 0.11 (1.87) | 0.89 (2.91) | −0.26 (0.99) | 0.79 (2.32) | 0.27 (2.15) | < 0.001 |
| Outpatient daysa | 2.65 (19.97) | 1.95 (25.00) | 20.92 (45.45) | −0.38 (22.51) | 1.74 (25.91) | −0.50 (22.79) | −10.95 (37.19) | −1.77 (23.16) | −3.20 (44.82) | 0.023 |
| Inpatient costc | 269 (2,810) | 514 (3,492) | 1,208 (2,538) | 330 (3,437) | 462 (4,722) | 2,578 (9,259) | −422 (1,968) | 2,017 (6,079) | 1,201 (5,220) | < 0.001 |
| Outpatient costc | 333 (1,310) | 391 (849) | 925 (1,269) | 358 (1,411) | 311 (1,483) | 326 (912) | −102 (1,299) | 174 (739) | 373 (1,702) | 0.587 |
| Total costc | 603 (3,326) | 905 (3,778) | 2,133 (3,491) | 688 (4,132) | 773 (5,096) | 2,904 (9,399) | −523 (2,729) | 2,191 (6,153) | 1,574 (5,976) | < 0.001 |
SD = standard deviation.
aAverage days per person; bAverage visiting times per person; cAverage costs per person in US dollars.