Table 4. Multivariate regression of the association of frailty transition with healthcare utilization and cost.
| Variables | Frailty transition group, β (SE) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust to robust (1) | Robust to pre-frail (2) | Robust to frail (3) | Pre-frail to robust (4) | Pre-frail to pre-frail (5) | Pre-frail to frail (6) | Frail to robust (7) | Frail to pre-frail (8) | Frail to frail (9) | |
| Inpatient daysa | Ref | 0.36 (1.29) | 6.92 (5.81) | −0.25 (1.32) | 0.54 (1.11) | 12.49*** (2.45) | −5.23 (4.65) | 10.51*** (2.70) | 1.22 (2.94) |
| Inpatient frequencyb | Ref | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.54 (0.46) | −0.05 (0.11) | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.84*** (0.20) | −0.31 (0.37) | 0.73*** (0.22) | 0.22 (0.23) |
| Outpatient daysa | Ref | −0.35 (1.56) | 18.81** (7.06) | −2.81 (1.61) | −0.34 (1.35) | −2.04 (2.98) | −12.58* (5.66) | −3.43 (3.28) | −4.61 (3.57) |
| Inpatient costc | Ref | 258 (265) | 946 (1,196) | 63 (272) | 213 (229) | 2,338*** (504) | −629 (958) | 1,756** (555) | 948 (605) |
| Outpatient costc | Ref | 64 (84) | 603 (379) | 35 (86) | −14 (72) | 1 (160) | −420 (303) | −151 (176) | 46 (192) |
| Total costc | Ref | 322 (291) | 1,549 (1,313) | 98 (299) | 200 (251) | 2,339*** (554) | −1,049 (1,052) | 1,605*** (609) | 993 (664) |
SE = standard error.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
aAverage days per person; bAverage visiting times per person; cAverage costs per person in US dollars.