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. 2023 Jun 19;10:29. doi: 10.1186/s40580-023-00377-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Super-resolution PAM techniques for surface imaging. a Schematic of a super-resolution visible pAFM. b A pAFM image, and topographic and phase images of single gold nanoparticles, with their lateral resolution. c Illustration of the dual-pulse mechanism for DP-pAFM signal generation. d Organic semiconductor topography and a DP-pAFM image for nanocrack analysis. e System configuration of NSPM. f Two-dimensional NSPM image and the topography of a gold microlattice. PAM, photoacoustic microscope; pAFM, photoactivated atomic force microscopy; SP-pAFM, single-pulse photoactivated atomic force microscopy. DP-pAFM, dual-pulse photoactivated atomic force microscopy; NSPM, near-field scanning photoacoustic microscopy; PA, photoacoustic. The images are reproduced with permission from [24, 27, 28]