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. 2023 Jun 19;10:29. doi: 10.1186/s40580-023-00377-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Far-field super-resolution PAM techniques for imaging single cells and organelles. a Principle of nonlinear photobleaching-based PI-PAM, depicting the lateral resolutions of PI-PAM and conventional OR-PAM along the edge spread function. b In vitro PI-PAM image of live rose petal epidermal cells. c Illustration of nonlinearity between pulse energy and resultant PA amplitude featured in nonlinear absorption-based PA nanoscopy. d Simulation of a 3rd order PA coefficient image which distinguishes two particles. e A mitochondrion imaged by conventional PAM and 3rd order PA nanoscopy. f Normalized PA amplitude along the dashed lines in panel e. The images are reproduced with permission [25, 26]