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. 2023 Jun 19;7:59. doi: 10.1038/s41698-023-00413-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The glioma microenvironment is mostly composed of tumor cells, immune cells, and stromal tissue. The most prominent cells of the immune compartment include tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T-cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. These cells interact with other components of the tumor microenvironment and play a role in regulating immune response, either through their pro- or anti-tumoral function, subsequently affecting tumor development, progression, and response to therapy. TAMs tumor-associated macrophages, T-reg regulatory T-cells, MDSCs myeloid-derived suppressor cells, NK cell natural killer cell.