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. 2023 Jun 19;14:3638. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39369-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Z-contrast HAADF-STEM image of LCO 25 uc in cross-sectional orientation, projected along the [010] zone axis. Scale bar: 2 nm. b The second derivative of the EELS line-scan along the green arrow direction, highlighting the variation of the peak position of Co-L_2,3 edges. O K-edge EELS spectra of c LCO 25 uc and e LCO 6 uc. Co L_2,3-edge EELS spectra of d LCO 25 uc and f LCO 6 uc. g Calculated Co L₃/L₂ intensity ratios and corresponding valence states of Co for the bright and dark stripes in comparison to literature values of Co²⁺, Co³⁺, and Co⁴⁺ ^27,28 (black points).