Fig. 4.

Impacts of age and sex on humoral immune response after BA.5 infection. a The endpoint titers of wildtype and BA.5 spike-specific binding antibodies in convalescent sera from 64 vaccinated adult (adult group) and 22 elderly (elderly group) participants. b Neutralizing antibody titers against prototype, Delta, BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.3 pseudoviruses in convalescent sera in adult and elderly group. c Neutralizing antibody titers to BA.4/5, BF.7, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB and XBB.1.5 pseudoviruses in serum samples. (n = 64 in vaccinated adult group, and n = 22 in vaccinated elderly group in a–c). d Endpoint titers of wildtype spike-specific binding antibodies IgG and IgG in nasal samples from vaccinated adult and elderly participants. e Neutralizing antibody titers to BA.1, BA.4/5, BQ.1 and XBB pseudoviruses in nasal swab samples from vaccinated adult and elderly participants. (n = 26 in vaccinated adult group, and n = 3 in vaccinated elderly group in d, e). f 64 vaccinated adult participants were divided into male (n = 25) and female group (n = 39) according their sex. The endpoint titers of wildtype and BA.5 spike-specific binding antibodies in convalescent sera were determined. Neutralizing antibody titers against prototype, Delta, BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.75 and BA.3 pseudoviruses in convalescent sera in male and female group. g Neutralizing antibody titers to BA.4/5, BF.7, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB and XBB.1.5 pseudoviruses in serum samples in male and female group. (n = 25 in male group, and n = 39 in female group in f, g). Data are presented as geometric mean values ± SD in (a–g). P values were determined by unpaired Student’s t tests. ns not significant