Table 1.
Basic characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Characteristics |
Training Information |
Main Outcomes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex M/F | Age (years) | Sport | Athlete level | Intensity | Weeks/Sessions | HIIT setting and protocol | ||
| Ní- PAGE 24 - Chéilleachair et al., 2016 | 14/5 | 22 ± 4 | Rower | National | HIIT: 100% PPO; Interval: 40% PPO CON: Aerobic; |
8/16 | HIIT: 1～2 weeks (6 intervals, 2.5 min in each session); 3～4weeks (7 intervals); 5～8weeks (8 intervals). Recovery: 40% PPO Rowing, |
VO2max Greater improvement (ES = 0.95; P = 0.035) |
| Fernandez- Fernandez et al.,2012 | 11/0 9/0 |
HIIT: 22.6 ± 4.8; CON: 22.1 ± 3.3 |
Tennis | International tennis level-3 | HIIT: 90～95% HRmax; Recovery: 70% HRmax CON: 22-m shuttle sprints; |
6/18 | HIIT: Running(3 sets, 90%–95% HRmax, 710-sec work, 540-sec rest); Recovery: Running (70% HRmax, 180-sec), Tennis game (8 min), 2:1 game. |
VO2peak (+6.0%) |
| Laursen et al., 2002 | 8/0 9/0 10/0 11/0 |
HIITa: 26 ± 6 HIITb: 24 ± 7 HIITc: 25 ± 6 CON: 25 ± 5 |
Cycling triathlon | Highly trained | HIITa:Pmax; HIITb:Pmax; HIITc: 175% PPO; CON: Low to moderate intensity; |
4/8 | HIITa: Work (Tmax); rest (120% Tmax); 8 intervals (Pmax); HIITb: Work (Tmax); rest (65% HRmax); HIITc: Work (30 s); rest (4.5 min) |
HIITa ：VO2peak(+5.4%) HIITb ：VO2peak(+8.1%) |
| Monks et al. 2017 | 8/8 9/8 |
HIIT: 18-22; CON: 18–22 |
Taekwondo | Elite | HIIT: 85%–100% HRmax; CON: 85% HRmax; |
4/12 | HIIT: Running (85%–100% HRmax), Recovery: Walking (60 s, rested for 120 s). CON: Continuous running for 5 km (85% HRmax). |
HIIT：Greater improvement in aerobic capacity |
| Yang et al., 2017 | 7/0 7/0 |
HIIT: 18.1 ± 2.4; CON: 19.3 ± 2.1 |
Canoeing | National | HIIT: 90%VO2peak; CON: 65% VO2peak |
4/12 | HIIT: 90% VO2peak (100.7 ± 14.3 W, 84.0–124.0 W), 2 min, 7 bouts, 1 min rest. CON: 65%VO2peak (65.0 ± 13.1 W, 46.0–81.0 W), 20 min. |
Power at VO2peak significantly improved |
| Qu et al.[73] 2019 | 5/0 5/0 |
HIIT: 21.8 ± 3.4; CON: 22.6 ± 4.3 |
Cycling | National | HIIT: 90%–100% MAP; Interval: 60%–70% HRmax; CON: 65%–75% HRmax |
3/6 | HIIT: 90%–100% MAP(4 min), Interval: 65%–75% HRmax(4 min) | Higher VO2max |
| Papandreou et al.[72].,2018 | 18/6 | 18.2 ± 4.1 | Kayaking | National | HIIT: 120% VO2max; CON: Walking: 130 b·min-1 |
8/24 | HIIT: 30-sec paddling(120% VO2max), Intervals: 60-sec walking (8 repetitions) |
VO2max no change |
| Sheykhlouvand et al.[74] .2015 | 21/0 | 24 ± 3 | Canoe polo | Professional | HIITa: 100% vVO2peak; HIITb: 100, 110, 120, 130, 130, 130, 120, 110, 100% vVO2 peak CON: 75% vVO2peak |
3/9 | HIITa: Paddling(1-min,6 times), Recovery(3 min, work to recovery, 1:3); HIITb: Paddling (1-min, 6 times) . |
HIITa: VO2peak (+8.8%); HIITb: VO2peak (+8.5%) |
| Paquette et al. ,2021 | HIIT: 4/2; CON: 4/2 |
21 ± 3 22 ± 4 |
Kayaking | National(5), Provincial(4), Club(3) |
HIIT: 110% MAP, recovery:50% MAP; CON: 150 m to 200 m (30sec–40sec) |
4/9 | HIIT: 110% MAP (15-sec or 30-sec), Recovery: 50% MAP,1:1 effort:rest ratio. | O2peak no change |
CON, control; ES, effect size; HR, heart rate; HRmax, maximal HR; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; MAP, maximal aerobic power; PPO, power output; Pmax, minimal power output to elicit VO2peak; Tmax, time to exhaustion at 60% Pmax; vVO2peak, velocity of the VO2peak.