| 1 |
Psidium guajava |
Triterpenoid (Corosolic acid) |
α-glucosidase inhibitor |
An in vitro assay of α-glucosidase inhibition |
Corosolic acid derived from P. guajava extract exhibited the best inhibition of α-glucosidase among nine triterpenoids isolated with IC50 value of this compound was 1.33 μg/mL. However, the result showed that the extract of P. guajava leaves was more effective than the individual of its compounds. |
[42] |
| The ethyl acetate fraction of leaves extract |
Modulates advanced glycation end products, Serum fructosamine, and fasting blood glucose levels |
An in vivo study using rats induced by streptozotocin to provide diabetic myocardium |
-
•
Advanced glycation end products of diabetic rats treated by the fraction were significantly decreased to near-normal levels. Similarly, the administration of the fraction in all diabetic groups significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels.
•To evaluate the beneficial effects of P. guajava leaves on diabetic myocardium, the heart-to-body-weight ratio decreased by 10% in diabetic rats treated with a fraction dosage of 25 mg/kg body weight/day. |
[247] |
| Ethanol extracts from leaves and bark |
α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitor; stimulate glucose uptake in muscle; inhibit liver glucose production and triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes |
An in vitro study using the cell lines (H4IIE, C2C12, and 3T3-L1) |
•Ethanolic extracts of P. guajava leaves and bark vigorously inhibited α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 1.0 ± 0.3 and 0.5 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. •In the α-amylase inhibition assay, the ethanolic extract of P. guajava bark showed an IC50 value of 10.6 ± 0.4 μg/mL. In contrast, the leaves extract gave IC50 value in the range of the three highest concentrations up to 1000 μg/mL. •In addition, P. guajava leaves extract at 50 μg/mL showed the same level of glucose uptake as metformin at 400 μM and insulin at 100 nM. |
[22] |
| Ethanol extract from leaves |
Inhibits glucose absorption |
An in vivo study with an alloxan diabetes test method and oral glucose tolerance test in rats |
Administration of extract at 1,300 mg/kg BW each day for 14 days lowered blood glucose levels, indicating that ethanol extracts inhibited blood glucose absorption by promoting its antidiabetic agent as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. |
[180] |
| Methanol extract from leaves |
Increases glucose uptake |
An in vitro study using glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells |
The glucose uptake significantly increased by approximately 52% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL of extract. |
[45] |
| Adipogenesis and lipolysis |
An in vitro study using adipogenesis assay, and lipolysis assay in 3T3-L1 cells |
Guajava leaves extract (GLE) decreased lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. Lipid content could be reduced by approximately 88%, and the glucose uptake significantly increased by approximately 52% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL GLE. |
| 2 |
Ficus tikoua Bur. |
n-butanol fraction (NBF) of Ethanol extract |
• Stimulates glucose uptake via P13K/AKT and AMPK pathway
• α-glucosidase inhibitor |
An In vitro study using 3T3-L1 cells and in vivo experimental models in mice |
•NBF was potent as an α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.89 ± 0.04 μg/mL. In addition, NBF exerted its effects by increasing glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. •Blood glucose levels in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT), as well as HbA1c, were significantly lower than in model groups. •The upregulation of p-PI3K and p-Akt in 3T3-L1 adipocytes might mediate the possible mechanism of NBF in increasing glucose uptake. |
[282] |
| 3 |
Ganoderma resinaceum |
Triterpenoid lactones |
α-glucosidase inhibitor |
An in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory assay |
Compounds 1 and 2 were more potent α-glucosidase inhibitors than acarbose, with IC50 values of 0.75 ± 0.018 mM and 1.64 ± 0.022 mM, respectively. |
[44] |
| 4 |
Cyclocarya paliurus |
Triterpenoid glycosides isolated from leaves ethanol extract |
Increase glucose uptake via AMPK/p38 pathways |
An in vitro study in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes |
Compound 1 significantly enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. The promising mechanisms of compound 1 in enhancing glucose uptake in cells are upregulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p38 pathways. |
[74] |
| 5 |
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)
|
Extracts of red and yellow from fruits |
Modulate blood glucose levels and marker carbonyl oxidative stress |
An in vivo study using rats induced by streptozotocin |
•Extracts of red and yellow fruits of Cornus mas L. significantly lowered blood glucose by 7.1 and 8.6 mmol/L, respectively. •Similarly, in evaluating oral glucose tolerance tests, after the administration of extracts to diabetic rats, the blood glucose levels gradually reach fasting glucose. •On the other hand, glycated hemoglobin incredibly showed no changes in rats treated with extracts. |
[70] |
| 6 |
Tiliacora triandra |
Ethanol extract |
Insulin sensitizer and insulin secretagogue |
An in vivo study using diabetic rats induced with high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ) |
•Blood glucose levels in rats treated with extracts at 100 and 400 mg/kg BW significantly declined compared to untreated rats. •The effect was correlated with the increased insulin levels in the treated rats, marked by lowering insulin resistance and improving beta cell function. •Furthermore, it was supported by the improvement of the morphology and architecture of Langerhans islets in groups treated by entities of extracts. •The other marker to evaluate the antidiabetic property of extract was Hb1Ac levels, significantly markedly lowering in treated groups. |
[170] |
| 7 |
Citrus junos Tanaka or Yuja |
Ethanol extract from Yuja peel |
Increases glucose uptake via AMPK and PPAR-γ signaling pathways |
|
•The ethanol extract of Yuja peel (YPEE) contains flavonoids in which hesperidin is the major compound. •YPEE, in a dose-dependent manner, dramatically stimulated glucose uptake by stimulating the phosphorylation of AMPK and transcriptional activity of PPAR-γ. |
[139] |
| Decreases liver fat contents, triglyceride serum, and total cholesterol levels• |
To clarify the antiobesity effect of YPEE, some parameters were measured. Interestingly, aside from regulating the AMPK and PPAR-γ signaling pathways, administration YPEE to high-fat diet groups dramatically decreased body weight, liver fat contents, triglyceride serum, and total cholesterol levels compared to the untreated group. |
| 8 |
Syzygium cumini |
Aqueous extract from seed |
α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor |
An in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay |
Syzygium cumini kernel phenolic (SCKP) extract offered potential antioxidant activity and antidiabetic as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor leading to the inhibition of glucose absorption in the intestine. |
[168] |
| 9 |
Passiflora edulis |
Hydroethanolic extract 70% from leaves |
|
|
•Administration of extract in diabetic rats significantly decreased blood glucose and HBA1c. Flavonoid compounds presented in the extract alleviated the glycemic levels in rats. •P. educulis extract was able to reduce total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in serum. Yet there was no effect on triglyceride and HDL-C. |
[223] |
| 10 |
Glycyrrhiza foetida and Amorpha fruticosa
|
Amorfrutins |
Activate nuclear receptor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) |
|
•Amorfrutins are potent and selective nuclear receptor PPARγ modulators. Unlike other synthetic PPARγ agonists, including the thiazolidinediones, amorfrutin 1 has a desirable effect in protecting the liver by lowering liver fat accumulation by approximately 50%. •The evidence proving the possible mechanism of amorfrutins in averting undesirable effects in the liver is amorfrutin 1 interacts directly with the liver-specific nuclear receptor PPARα leading to modulation of PPARβ/δ pathways and consequently contributing to alleviating liver steatosis. •The investigation of the effect of amorfrutin 1 on insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice induced by a high-fat diet showed that the treatment group with amorfrutins 1 at 100 mg∕kg∕d for 23 days experienced an increase in insulin sensitivity along with a decrease in blood glucose during oral glucose tolerance and intraperitoneal insulin sensitivity tests. •On the other hand, amorfrutin 1 dramatically decreased plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, equivalent to synthetic drug, rosiglitazone |
[288] |
| 11 |
Carapa guianensis |
7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin (CG-1) isolated from seeds |
Adipogenesis and lipolysis inhibitors |
|
•The presence of 7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin (CG-1) decreased intracellular triglyceride level, differentiated adipocytes dose-dependently, and lowered lipid accumulation in adipocytes. •Further, to clarify the mechanism of CG-1 underlying suppression of adipogenesis, the mRNA levels of adipogenic, lipogenic, and lipolytic genes were measured by quantitative PCR. The result demonstrated that the mRNA levels of the three types of genes were suppressed by CG-1. In contrast, adipocyte lipolysis was unaffected. |
[174] |
| 12 |
Camellia sinensis, Astrocaryum aculeatum |
8-C-ascorbyl-(−)-epigallocatechin |
α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTB-1B) inhibitor |
|
•8-C-ascorbyl-(−)-epigallocatechin (AE) promoted its antidiabetic properties by inhibiting α-glucosidase with IC50 of 142.8 μM. This yield was higher than acarbose (IC50 = 250.2 μM). •In addition, the mechanisms proposed of AE in increasing glucose uptake are increasing the phosphorylation of the p-Akt and inhibiting the production of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. |
[314]
[167] |
| 13 |
Hovenia dulcis Thunberg |
Flavonoids |
Modulate AKT1 and GSK3β pathways |
|
Flavonoids are the major constituents in Hovenia dulcis Thunberg, which notably decreased blood glucose by enhancing glucose uptake into cells. Flavonoid compounds of H. dulcis stimulate glycogen synthesis by activating AKT1 and inhibiting GSK3β. Aside from modulating glucose uptake, the consequence of suppression GSK3β is decreased proinflammatory cytokine synthesis leading to an anti-inflammatory effect.
|
[55] |
| 14 |
Leea macrophylla |
Ethanol extract from root |
Increases insulin secretion, stimulates glucose uptake in the liver, and activates glycogenesis |
|
•Three primary compounds in ethanol extract from Leea macrophylla root or Hatikana extract (HKEx), including oleanolic acid, 7α, 28-olean diol, and stigmasterol, have been identified. Treatment of HKEx by using three variety doses in diabetic rats for three weeks significantly lowered blood glucose levels, enhancing liver glycogen and serum insulin. •On the other hand, several biological biomarkers were determined, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine kinase (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). All of these parameters decreased drastically. •In addition, the investigation of the interaction between compounds and several protein targets was carried out, and the study revealed that SOD1 and CAT as antioxidative enzymatic increased. |
[212] |
| 15 |
Fadogia ancylantha (Makoni tea) |
Bidesmosidic oleanolic acid saponins |
α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase inhibitor |
|
•Bidesmosidic oleanolic acid saponins 1–3 were isolated from Fadogia ancylantha (Makoni tea) and these compounds have different activities in inhibiting α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase. Compounds 1–3 strongly inhibited α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 160, 170, and 190 μM, respectively. •Compounds 2–3 inhibited lipase with IC50 values of 190 and 200 μM, respectively; however, there was no activity in the inhibition of α-amylase. •On the other hand, only compound 1 inhibited α-amylase with an IC50 value of 180 μM. Interestingly, the inhibition activity of three compounds was more vigorous than acarbose as a standard drug. |
[75] |
| 16 |
Angelica decursiva |
Coumarin-derivatives |
α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTB-1B) inhibitor |
|
•Coumarins derivates, consisting of (+)-trans-decursidinol, Pd–C–I, Pd-C-II, and Pd-C-III, have been identified from Angelica decursiva that strongly binding to active site enzyme α-glucosidase and protein PTB-1B. •(+)-trans-decursidinol, Pd–C–I, and Pd-C-II presented competitive inhibition, while Pd-C-III used mixed-type inhibition to PTB-1B. •(+)-trans-decursidinol showed competitive type; Pd–C–I and Pd-C-II mixed-type; Pd-C-III displayed non-competitive type inhibition of α-glucosidase. •Vigorous inhibition activity against PTP-1B of (+)-trans-decursidinol, Pd–C–I, Pd-C-II, Pd-C-III with IC50 values of 2.33, 4.32, 6.17, 11.98 μM, respectively. •Moreover, IC50 values in inhibition of α-glucosidase were 11.32, 17.40, 24.74, and 36.77 μM, respectively. |
[7] |
| 17 |
Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) |
An in vitro study α-glucosidase and PTB-1B inhibitory assay |
Compounds 15, 20, and 23 were potent inhibitors on α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 10.5 ± 0.8, 9.5 ± 0.6, and 9.1 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 6, 7, and 23 were non-competitive inhibitors and vigorously inhibited PTB-1B with IC50 values of 13.7 ± 2.1, 5.6 ± 0.9, 13.7 ± 0.2 μM, respectively. |
[120] |
| 18 |
Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri |
Lignans glycosides |
•Compound 4 exhibited potent action in inhibition α-glucosidase and PTB-1B with IC50 values of 9.9 ± 0.6 and 8.9 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. •Compound 4 displayed non-competitive inhibitors on α-glucosidase and mix-type inhibition against PTP-1B. |
[317] |
| 19 |
Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze |
Nineteen compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Limonium gmelinii (Plumbaginaceae), and compounds 1, 2, 14, and 18 strongly inhibited α-glucosidase with approximately range IC50 less than five μM. The activity of compounds 1–19 remarkably inhibited PTB-1B in the range IC50 of 1.71–50 μM. |
[272] |
| 20 |
Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura |
•Twenty-three compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of H. fusiformis. Incredible activity as inhibitor PTP-1B in compounds 1, 7, and 13 with IC50 of 6.59 ± 0.09, 4.86 ± 1.36, and 4.92 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. •Moreover, the inhibitor activity against α-glucosidase was more potent 3-fold than acarbose with IC50 of 48.05 ± 3.37, 34.85 ± 2.39, 43.90 ± 0.77 μM, respectively. |
[233] |
| 21 |
Artemisia capillaris |
Esculetin,
Quercetin,
3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester• |
Vigorous inhibitory activity of esculetin, quercetin, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester against α-glucosidase was observed with IC50 values of 82.92, 58.93, and 86.95 μM, respectively; and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTB-1B) of 11.32, 17.40, 24.74, and 36.77 μM, respectively. |
[183] |
| 22 |
– |
Hesperidin, naringin |
α-glucosidase inhibitor |
An in vitro study using p-nitrophenyl- D-glycopyranoside (p-NPG) as the substrate |
Hesperidin and naringin possessed antidiabetic activity with remarkable inhibition against α-glucosidase with IC50 of 14.72 and 12.64 nM, respectively. |
[261] |
| Increase insulin secretion, decrease blood glucose and HbA1c |
An in vivo study in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats |
•Hesperidin and naringin at 50 mg/kg BW significantly decreased blood glucose and HbA1c levels and increased insulin levels in diabetic rats. •Blood glucose levels in diabetic rats treated with hesperidin and naringin were two-fold lower than the untreated diabetic rats, with levels of 124.03 ± 3.90 and 136.73 ± 3.19 mg/dl, respectively. •HbA1c levels were 5.85 ± 0.18 and 6.26 ± 0.17%, respectively. •Insulin levels were 21.55 ± 1.13 and 20.67 ± 1.08 μU/ml, respectively. |
[169] |
| 23 |
Acacia auriculiformis |
Extract acetone from bark and empty pod |
α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitors |
An in vitro study using α-amylase and α-glucosidase assay |
•Both extracts showed significant suppression of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with higher score inhibition. •Bark extract with score inhibition 64.55 ± 5.12% and 95.12 ± 4.75% on α-amylase and α-glucosidase at a concentration of 50 μg and 2.5 μg respectively. •Pod extract with score inhibition of 50.57 ± 5.12% and 79.1 ± 6.5% at a concentration of 50 μg and 5 μg on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. |
[230] |
| 25 |
– |
Phenolic compounds |
•Caffeic acid phenethyl ester and curcumin significantly inhibited α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 29.01 and 29.31 nM, respectively. • On the other hand, curcumin, rosmarinic acid, and isoliquiritigenin effectively inhibited α-amylase with IC50 values of 168.73, 137.36, and 169.52 nM, respectively. |
[262] |
| 26 |
Chelidonium majus |
Chelerythrine |
Activates PPAR-γ receptor |
|
Chelerythrine significantly inhibited the CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ and exhibited a unique mechanism in modulating glucose uptake and lipid metabolism. |
[319] |
| 27 |
– |
Natural Prenylchalconaringenins and Prenylnaringenins |
α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitors |
|
•Geranylchalconaringenin exhibited more vigorous α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 1.08 μM, 50-fold higher than that of acarbose with IC50 of 51.30 μM. However, it presented moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase with IC50 of 20.46 μM. •Geranylchalconaringenin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW deterred the increase of postprandial blood glucose levels. |
[253] |
| 28 |
Tetracera indica Merr. |
Wogonin, norwogonin, and techtochrysin |
Increase glucose uptake |
An in vitro study in the 3T3-L1 cell |
•Wogonin, norwogonin, and techtochrysin significantly induced adipogenesis with a similar effect to insulin and increased adipogenesis with similar action to rosiglitazone. •Wogonin and norwogonin greatly enhanced glucose uptake. |
[93] |
| 29 |
Oroxylum indium |
Flavonoid glycosides, oroxins C and D |
α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase inhibitors |
In vitro study on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase |
Oroxins C and D inhibited lipase with IC50 of 190.1 ± 18.2 80.0 ± 9.5 μM, respectively. However, oroxins C significantly inhibited α-amylase two-fold higher than acarbose with IC50 of 210.3 ± 19.1 μM. Similarly, oroxins D with IC50 of 180.4 ± 25.7 μM was more potent in inhibition of α-glucosidase than acarbose. |
[155] |
| 30 |
Bauhinia forficata Link. |
Kaempferitrin |
Increase glucose uptake in soleus muscle |
An in vivo study in alloxan-induced diabetic rats |
•Glycogen content in soleus muscle diabetic rats after 3 h of treatment kaempferitrin dose 100 mg/kg BW drastically increased by 228% compared with the untreated diabetic rats. •The possible mechanism of kaempferitrin in regulating glucose uptake into cells is activating PI3K and MAPK pathways leading to the stimulation of insulin sensitization which upregulates GLUT4. |
[38] |
| 31 |
Dillenia indica |
Kaempferol |
Apoptosis cascade inhibition and increases insulin secretion |
An in vitro study caspase-3 activity, intracellular ATP and cAMP, insulin secretion assay using isolated beta cells and human islets |
•Isolated human islets with chronic high glucose were exposed to kaempferol for four days. The findings demonstrated that kaempferol inhibited cellular apoptosis by restoring anti-apoptotic protein AKT and Bcl-2, which was declined by chronic high glucose. •In addition, the caspase-3 activity was reduced in beta cells and human islets. •Furthermore, kaempferol ameliorated the suppression of cAMP and ATP production, leading to enhancing insulin synthesis. |
[316]
[167] |
| 32 |
Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. |
Pterosin A |
Increase glucose uptake via insulin sensitizer |
An in vivo study using high-fat diet (HFD)–induced diabetic mice, and a dexamethasone-induced insulin-resistance (IR) mouse model |
•Administration pterosin A at dose of 100 mg/kg BW orally for four weeks deterred hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in diabetic mouse models. Moreover, treatment pterosin A at the dose of 100 mg/kg BW for one week restored the insulin intolerance in a dexamethasone-induced IR mouse model. The other parameters, such as HbA1c and serum insulin, were modulated near normal levels. •Glucose uptake was restored by upregulating GLUT4 translocation to transmembrane via MAPK signaling pathways. |
[106] |
| 33 |
Eugenia punicifolia |
Aqueous extract from Eugenia punicifolia leaves (EEP) |
|
An in vitro study in 3T3-L1 cells |
•EEP showed significant inhibition against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase activities with IC50 at 122.8 ± 6.3, 2.9 ± 0.1, 23.5 ± 2.6 μg/mL, respectively. •In addition, the EEP exhibited free radical scavenger activities by inhibiting free radicals of ABTS, DPPH, and O2 with IC50 at 10.5 ± 1.2, 28.84 ± 0.54, and 38.12 ± 2.6 μg/mL, respectively. |
[162] |
| 34 |
Grape |
Grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) |
Reducing body weight gain, adiposity, and liver steatosis |
An in vivo study using cafeteria diet (CAF) high-fat/high-sucrose-induced syndrome metabolic in rats |
•GSPE significantly lowered the food intake in CAF PRE (rats receiving preventive treatment of GSPE during ten days before cafeteria diet intervention) and CAF MONTHLY (rats receiving GSPE treatment during five days once per month simultaneously fed with cafeteria diet). •CAF PRE and CAF MONTHLY experienced a lowering of mesenteric adipose tissue weight at 21.0 ± 1.5 and 18.8 ± 1.4 g, respectively. Moreover, CAF MONTHLY rats showed a significant reduction in visceral adiposity compared to CAF rats at 14.0 ± 0.5%. •In CAF MONTHLY, GSPE proposed its effect by lowering the fat accumulation in the liver. |
[243] |
| 35 |
Adansonia digitata L. |
Hydromethanolic extracts from fruit pulp and leaf |
α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors |
An in vitro enzymatic assay and study in SW-872 human liposarcoma cells |
•Hydromethanolic extracts from Adansonia digitata L. fruit pulp and leaf showed remarkable inhibition activity against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. •Leaf extract was the most potent in inhibiting α-amylase with IC50 of 0.10 mg/mL whereas fruit pulp extract inhibited α-amylase with IC50 of 97 mg/mL. •Leaf and fruit pulp extracts inhibited α-glucosidase with IC50 of 0.03 and 0.64 mg/mL, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. •Leaf extract revealed the most potent inhibition of ACE and pancreatic lipase with IC50 of 0.08 and 1.85 mg/mL, respectively. |
[47] |
| 36 |
Garcinia dulcis |
G. dulcis rind powder (CGD) |
|
An in vivo study using high fat/carbohydrate diet (HFD) induced metabolic syndrome in rats |
•The main compounds in CGD are garcinol, morelloflavone and citric acid. •Supplementation of CGD in high-fat/carbohydrate diet rats for eight and sixteen weeks showed the improvement glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. •CGD was able to repair the liver structure and function by lowering collagen deposition and reducing reduced aspartate transaminase activity in HFD rats. •The cardioprotective effect of CGD in HFD rats was exhibited by lowering systolic blood pressure, Left ventricular diastolic stiffness (κ), left and right ventricle wet weight, and recovery of cardiovascular structure and function. |
[124] |
| 37 |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. |
Dry extract |
•α-amylase inhibitor •Antihyperlipidemic •Antioxidant |
An in vivo study using high-fat diet (HFD) induced metabolic syndrome in C57BL/6 mice |
•P. vulgaris dry extract contains an alpha-amylase inhibitor and phytohaemagglutinin. •Treatment P. vulgaris dry extract 500 mg/kg BW for nine weeks in HFD mice showed significantly decreasing body weight and food intake compared with untreated groups. •Blood glucose, TG, total Cholesterol, and LDL in treated groups were significantly lower than in the untreated group in levels of 112.0 ± 4.4, 107.5 ± 9.3, 100.5 ± 7.6, and 38.4 ± 6.3 mg/dL, respectively. •P. vulgaris dry extract improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. •On histological examination, treated groups exhibited significant liver, cardiac, vascular, and adipose damage recovery. •Catalase and glutathione expression increased significantly, and NADH dehydrogenase and carbonylated protein decreased in the treatment groups with the extract. |
[176] |
| 38 |
Cuscuta pedicellata |
Naringenin, kaempferol, aromadenderin, quercetin, aromadenderin-7-O-b-d- glucoside, taxifolin 7-O-b-d-glucoside |
|
An in vivo study using a high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity in rats |
•Fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in HFD groups treated with compounds and crude extract were significantly decreased compared with untreated HFD groups. •A lower HOMA-IR index indicated that treated groups with extract and compounds experienced restoration in insulin resistance. •SOD and catalase increased significantly, whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased, indicating that the compounds and extracts opposed antioxidant mechanisms. |
[175] |
| 39 |
Mushrooms:
Lentinus edodes and Schizophyllum commune
|
Ethanol and hexane extract s |
α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase inhibitors |
An in vitro study using enzyme assays |
•Ethanol and hexane extracts from Lentinus edodes exhibited the most potent inhibition against α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. IC50 of ethanol extract in inhibiting α-glucosidase was 20.4 mg/mL, and hexane extract was 12.9 mg/ml, while IC50 of ethanol extract in inhibiting pancreatic lipase was 8.85 mg/mL, and hexane extract was 23.1 mg/mL. •The hexane extract from Schizophyllum commune exhibited a more significant inhibitory effect on α-amylase with IC50 15.3 mg/mL. |
[300] |
| 40 |
Vernonia mesplilfolia Less. |
Ethanol and aqueous extracts |
The ethanol extract was the most potent in inhibiting α-amylase and pancreatic lipase, with IC50 of 331.16 and 781.72 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the aqueous extract exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitor with IC50 of 450.88 μg/mL. |
[274] |
