Table 1. Berberine's impact on intestinal health and systemic inflammation.

Reduces intestinal permeability	Increases intestinal tight junction protein expression, colonic mucinous layer thickness, levels of Akkermansia, and short-chain fatty acids
Reduces plasma lipopolysaccharide (endotoxemia)	Decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines and systemic inflammation
Improves liver insulin resistance	Decreases liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) expression