Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Total cohort (n = 466) | HAVB without HC (n = 417) | HAVB with HC (n = 49) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 82 (79–85) | 82 (79–85) | 82 (78–87) | 0.92 |
| Sex, male | 233 (50.0) | 210 (50.4) | 23 (46.9) | 0.651 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.1 (24.3–31.0) | 27.1 (24.2–31.1) | 27.1 (24.7–30.8) | 0.881 |
| Hb, g/dl | 12.5 (±) | 12.5 (±) | 11.8 (±) | 0 . 006 |
| NYHA class 3 or 4 | 366 (78.5) | 327 (78.4) | 39 (79.6) | 0.85 |
| Prior syncope | 62 (13.3) | 52 (12.5) | 10 (20.4) | 0.624 |
| Prior cardiac decompensation | 159 (34.1) | 139 (33.3) | 20 (40.8) | 0.296 |
| Hypertension | 420 (90.1) | 375 (89.9) | 45 (91.8) | 0.672 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 162 (34.8) | 140 (33.6) | 22 (44.9) | 0.115 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 195 (41.8) | 171 (41.0) | 24 (49.0) | 0.285 |
| EuroScore II, % | 3.1 (2.1–5.1) | 3.1 (2.1–5.0) | 3.4 (2.5–5.8) | 0.096 |
| Coronary artery disease | 282 (60.5) | 250 (60.0) | 32 (65.3) | 0.468 |
| Previous MI | 58 (12.4) | 54 (12.9) | 4 (8.2) | 0.337 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 77 (16.5) | 63 (15.1) | 14 (28.6) | 0 . 016 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 216 (46.8) | 190 (46.0) | 26 (53.1) | 0.349 |
| COPD | 98 (21.0) | 89 (21.3) | 9 (18.4) | 0.629 |
| Prior stroke | 59 (12.7) | 51 (12.2) | 8 (16.3) | 0.415 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 172 (36.9) | 154 (36.9) | 18 (36.7) | 0.979 |
| First-degree AVB | 138 (29.6) | 125 (30.0) | 13 (26.5) | 0.617 |
| RBBB | 147 (31.5) | 136 (32.6) | 11 (22.4) | 0.147 |
| LBBB | 38 (8.2) | 32 (7.7) | 6 (12.2) | 0.269 |
| Prior CABG | 54 (11.6) | 46 (11.0) | 8 (16.3) | 0.273 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 655 (55–65) | 65 (55–65) | 65 (60–65) | 0.405 |
| Pmean, mmHg | 44 (36–54) | 45 (36–55) | 44 (36–51) | 0.465 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2 | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.42 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 10 (8–14) | 10 (8–13) | 13 (9–18) | <0 . 001 |
| Pre-TAVI CT findings | ||||
| Area-derived annulus diameter, mm2 | 24.2 (2.2) | 24.2 (2.2) | 24.0 (2.2) | 0.494 |
| Perimeter-derived annulus diameter, mm | 24.8 (2.2) | 24.8 (2.2) | 24.6 (2.2) | 0.511 |
| Cover index, perimeter, % | 5.2 (2.3–8.0) | 5.1 (2.3–7.9) | 6.0 (2.3–8.4) | 0.46 |
| Cover index, area, % | 7.4 (4.3–10.4) | 7.3 (4.1–10.4) | 7.5 (4.5–10.9) | 0.46 |
| LVOT diameter, mm | 23.3 (2.8) | 23.4 (2.8) | 22.8 (2.8) | 0.191 |
| SOV diameter, mm | 32.2 (3.5) | 32.2 (3.5) | 32.0 (3.4) | 0.653 |
| STJ diameter, mm | 28.5 (26.6–30.5) | 28.5 (26.6–30.5) | 28.0 (26.6–31.0) | 0.75 |
| Aorto-annular angle,° | 51.2 (8.9) | 51.3 (9.0) | 50.4 (8.0) | 0.67 |
| Bicuspid valve | 45 (9.7) | 38 (9.1) | 7 (14.3) | 0.246 |
| Aortic valve calcium score, AU | 2,843 (1,900–3,920) | 2,862 (1,900–3,934) | 2,492 (1,891–4,189) | 0.698 |
| Membranous septum length, mm | 4.0 (2.5–6.0) | 4.0 (2.5–6.0) | 4.0 (∼3.0–5.0) | 0.66 |
| LVOT calcification | 92 (24.2) | 80 (23.2) | 12 (34.3) | 0.144 |
Baseline demographic, clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and CT characteristics of the total cohort and the subgroups HAVB without HC and HAVB with HC. Continuous variables are depicted as median with interquartile range or as mean with standard deviation (SD) as appropriate. Categorical parameters are presented as numbers with percentages.
HR, hemodynamic compromise; HAVB, high-grade atrioventricular block; NYHA, New York heart association; MI, myocardial infarction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RBBB, right bundle branch block; LBBB, left bundle branch block; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; Pmean, mean transvalvular aortic gradient; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract, SOV, sinus of valsalva; STJ, sinotubular junction; AU, agatston unit.