Table 3.
factors associated with in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to Helen Joseph Hospital, 1st May 2020 - 31st April 2021, N=1359
| Characteristics | Case fatality ratio | Univariate logistic regression | Adjusted logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (%) | Crude OR (95%CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Wave period | |||||
| 1 | 181/595 (30.4) | 1.28 (1.01- 1.62) | 0.046 | 1.79 (1.35- 2.38) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 195/764 (25.5) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Age in years | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 60.9 (14.6) | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03- 1.05) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 181/647 (28.0) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Male | 195/711 (27.4) | 0.97 (0.77-1.23) | 0.821 | 1.28 (0.98- 1.67) | 0.072 |
| Age groups | |||||
| <40 years | 40/264 (15.2) | 1(ref) | |||
| 41-60 years | 126/579 (21.8) | 1.56 (1.05-2.3) | 0.026 | ------- | ------ |
| 61-80 years | 180/464 (38.8) | 3.55 (2.41-5.21) | <0.001 | ||
| >80 years | 30/52 (57.7) | 7.64 (4.01-14.55) | <0.001 | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Black African | 292/1021(28.6) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Non-black African1 | 69/270 (25.6) | 0.84 (0.62-1.14) | 0.266 | 0.63 (0.45- 0.88) | 0.008 |
| Unknown | 16/68 (23.5) | 0.77 (0.43-1.37) | 0.37 | 0.57 (0.31-1.12) | 0.096 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoked | 105/ 434(24.2) | 1(ref) | |||
| Ever smoked | 35/109 (32.1) | 1.48 (0.94-2.34) | 0.092 | ------------ | ------ |
| Unknown | 236/ 816(28.9) | 1.27 (0.97-1.66) | 0.074 | ||
| Level of care | |||||
| General ward | 346/1263 (27.4) | 1(ref) | |||
| High care /ICU | 30/96 (31.3) | 1.21 (0.77-1.89) | 0.416 | ------------ | ----- |
| Ventilation required | |||||
| No | 340/1288 (26.4) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Yes | 36/71 (50.7) | 2.87 (1.77-4.64) | <0.001 | 7.23 (4.02- 13.01) | <0.001 |
| Oxygen required | |||||
| No | 67/364 (18.4) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Yes | 309/995 (31.1) | 1.99 (1.48-2.69) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.56- 3.01) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay (days) | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 5.5(3-11.5) | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.95- 0.98) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 81/397 (20.4) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Yes | 159/499 (31.9) | 1.82 (1.34-2.48) | 0.002 | 0.89 (0.58- 1.38) | 0.735 |
| Unknown | 136/462 (29.4) | 1.63 (1.18-2.23) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.53 -1.57) | 0.615 |
| DM | |||||
| No | 100/473 (21.1) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Yes | 114/362 (31.5) | 1.71 (1.25-2.34) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.76-1.77) | 0.503 |
| Unknown | 162/524 (30.9) | 1.67 (1.25-2.23) | 0.001 | 1.37 (0.82- 2.28) | 0.23 |
| Cardiac disease | |||||
| No | 96/464 (20.7) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Yes | 23/66 (34.8) | 2.05 (1.17-3.57) | <0.001 | 1.37 (0.72- 2.64) | 0.340 |
| Unknown | 257/829 (31.0) | 1.72 (1.32-2.25) | 0.011 | 1.76 (1.12 -2.76) | 0.015 |
| Obesity | |||||
| No | 109/473 (23.0) | 1(ref) | |||
| Yes | 50/149 (33.6) | 1.69 (1.13-2.52) | 0.015 | ------------ | ------ |
| Unknown | 217/737 (29.4) | 1.39 (1.07-1.82) | 0.011 | ||
| People living with HIV | |||||
| No | 126/514 (24.5) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | ||
| Yes | 31/147 (21.1) | 0.82 (0.53-1.28) | 0.009 | 0.94 (0.57 -1.58) | 0.825 |
| Unknown | 219/698 (31.4) | 1.41 (1.08-1.82) | 0.39 | 0.88 (0.57- 1.36) | 0.579 |
| Any infectious disease2 | |||||
| No | 141/603 (23.4) | 1(ref) | |||
| Yes | 20/93 (21.5) | 0.89 (0.53-1.52) | 0.689 | ------------ | ------ |
| Unknown | 215/663 (32.4) | 1.57 (1.23-2.02) | <0.001 | ||
| Any non-communicable3 | |||||
| No | 149/636 (23.4) | 1(ref) | |||
| Yes | 117/361 (32.4) | 1.57 (1.18-2.09) | 0.002 | ||
| Unknown | 110/362 (30.4) | 1.43 (1.06-1.91) | 0.016 | ------- | |
| Number of comorbidities | |||||
| None | 155/605 (25.6) | 1(ref) | |||
| One | 110/404 (27.2) | 1.09 (0.82-1.45) | 0.570 | ||
| Two or more | 111/350 (31.7) | 1.35 (1.01-1.81) | 0.043 | ------------ | ------ |
____: variable not included in the adjusted model; 1: non-black African: Coloured, White, Indian, and other; 2: underlying infectious disease: HIV, TB (both active and past TB); 3: non-communicable diseases and conditions: hypertension, DM, cardiac disease, chronic pulmonary disease, asthma, chronic kidney disease, malignancy, obesity; DM: diabetes mellitus