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. 2023 Jun 19;21:139. doi: 10.1186/s12915-023-01619-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Survey of genes associated with tissue features of O. minuta. a Presence/absence in O. minuta, which has syncytial tissues, of genes involved in epithelial functions (in Bilateria) compared to sponges in the three other poriferan classes, which have cellular tissues. b Phylogenetic relationships between metazoan taxa where multiciliated cells (MCC) have been reported (red stars). c O. minuta larvae possess MCC, seen clearly in only one other group of deep-water demosponges (cladorhizids). The diagram of a larva (on the left) shows the position of MCC (red arrows) several cilia are visible in cross section in the TEM picture on the right (photo credits Sally Leys). d Survey of genes involved in MCC differentiation in vertebrates. e Survey of genes involved in ciliogenesis and basal body duplication in bilaterians