Table 3.
Multivariable Logistic Regression Models Examining the Relationship Between Victimization Throughout the Life Course and Lifetime Incarceration in a Sample of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults From Massachusetts and Rhode Island (N = 574).
| Outcome 1: Lifetime incarceration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate | Multivariable | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Primary independent variable | ||||||
| Victimization throughout the life course | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Moderate | 0.27 | 0.11–0.65 | 0.004 | 0.38 | 0.13–1.09 | 0.07 |
| High | 2.41 | 1.42–4.10 | 0.001 | 2.19 | 1.11–4.31 | 0.02 |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Age (in years) | 1.06 | 1.04–1.08 | 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.03–1.08 | <.0001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Person of color | 2.10 | 1.21–3.64 | 0.01 | 2.09 | 1.01–4.31 | 0.046 |
| Gender identity | ||||||
| Transgender man | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Transgender woman | 5.39 | 2.63–11.05 | <0.001 | 4.49 | 1.91–10.57 | 0.001 |
| Non-binary person | 2.07 | 1.01–4.27 | 0.048 | 2.32 | 0.92–5.87 | 0.07 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| College graduate or more | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Some college or less | 2.45 | 1.49–4.04 | 0.004 | 1.48 | 0.78–2.81 | 0.23 |
| Unstably housed | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 2.12 | 0.75–5.97 | 0.15 | – | – | – |
| Financially insecure | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 2.11 | 1.17–3.83 | 0.01 | 1.29 | 0.62–2.70 | 0.50 |
| Unemployed | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 1.87 | 1.14–3.06 | 0.01 | 1.18 | 0.63–2.23 | 0.60 |
| Sex work history | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 3.79 | 2.25–6.39 | <0.001 | 1.66 | 0.86–3.21 | 0.13 |
| Living with HIV | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 22.02 | 5.82–83.36 | <0.001 | 7.57 | 1.43–40.11 | 0.02 |
| Visual gender conformity | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.94 | 1.10–.41 | 0.02 | – | – | – |
| Medical gender affirmation | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 0.40 | 0.21–0.76 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.17–1.03 | 0.06 |
| Substance use & mental health | ||||||
| Polydrug use - past 12 Months | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Yes | 3.89 | 1.94–7.80 | 0.0001 | 2.89 | 1.24–6.71 | 0.01 |
| Attempted suicide - lifetime | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.31 | 0.78–2.20 | 0.30 | – | – | – |
| Depression - current | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.09 | 0.56–2.12 | 0.80 | – | – | – |
| Anxiety - current | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.68 | 0.30–1.54 | 0.36 | – | – | – |
| Somatization - current | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.48–2.12 | 0.99 | – | – | – |
| PTSD - current | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.30 | 0.79–2.13 | 0.31 | – | – | – |
OR = Odds Ratio; aOR = adjusted odds Ratio; variables significant at p < 0.10 were included in the multivariable model