Table 3.
Association of childhood sexual abuse with cognitive function in middle age (n=13,982), Nurses’ Health Study II, 2014–2016†
| Sexual abuse | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Learning/working memory | |||||
|
| |||||
| No abuse | Infrequent | Moderately frequent | Frequent | Test of trend | |
|
| |||||
| n=9200 | n=3406 | n=918 | n=458 | ||
|
| |||||
| Model 1a: Age and race | 0.0 [Ref] | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.11, −0.01)* | −0.11 (−0.17, −0.04)** | p=0.001 |
| Model 2a: + childhood factors | 0.0 [Ref] | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.10, −0.00)* | −0.10 (−0.17, −0.04)** | p=0.006 |
| Model 3a: + adulthood socioeconomic indicators | 0.0 [Ref] | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.10, −0.00)* | −0.10 (−0.17, −0.03)** | p=0.008 |
| Model 4a: + health factors | 0.0 [Ref] | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.00) | −0.09 (−0.16, −0.03)** | p=0.01 |
| Model 5a: + psychological distress | 0.0 [Ref] | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.02) | p=0.36 |
|
| |||||
| Psychomotor speed/attention | |||||
|
| |||||
| No abuse | Infrequent | Moderately frequent | Frequent | Test of trend | |
|
| |||||
| n=9186 | n=3403 | n=917 | n=456 | ||
|
| |||||
| Model 1b: Age and race | 0.0 [Ref] | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) | p=0.05 |
| Model 2b: + childhood factors† | 0.0 [Ref] | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) | p=0.06 |
| Model 3b: + adulthood socioeconomic indicators | 0.0 [Ref] | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) | p=0.07 |
| Model 4b: + health factors | 0.0 [Ref] | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.04) | p=0.09 |
| Model 5b: + psychological distress | 0.0 [Ref] | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | p=0.46 |
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.
†
Childhood factors include mother’s occupation, father’s occupation, mother’s education, father’s education, parents’ home ownership in participant’s infancy, and head trauma with loss of consciousness before age 20 years. Adulthood socioeconomic indicators include husband’s education, and subjective social standing in the community and in the U.S. Health factors include smoking, BMI, physical activity, and history of physician-diagnosed hypertension, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and stroke. Models 4a and 5a do not include hypertension, since it is an effect modifier.