Table 3.
Factors associated with treatment failure at 3 months
| Factors | Univariate analysis |
Multivariable analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age a (years) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.070 | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.027 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | |||
| Female | 0.89 (0.41–1.97) | 0.78 | ||
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension (Yes) | 1.09 (0.56–2.10) | 0.81 | ||
| Recently diagnosed diabetes mellitus (Yes) | 1.57 (0.81–3.05) | 0.18 | ||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation a (Yes) | 4.44 (2.04–9.68) | 0.0002 | 2.32 (1.20–4.46) | 0.012 |
| HbA1c ab (%) | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 0.0014 | 1.19 (1.03–1.39) | 0.019 |
| Recent or concurrent COVID-19c infection (Yes) | 1.05 (0.46–2.43) | 0.91 | ||
| Steroid Use (Yes) | 0.98 (0.49–1.96) | 0.96 | ||
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Positive fungal culture (Yes) | 1.84 (0.91–3.75) | 0.091 | ||
| Mucorales Species - R. arrhizus (Yes) | 1.63 (0.84–3.15) | 0.15 | ||
| Serum ferritin a (ng/mL) | 0.87 (0.87–0.87) | ≤0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.064 |
| C-reactive protein a (mg/L) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.005 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.055 |
| Organ involvement | ||||
| Orbital apex involvement a (Yes) | 3.32 (1.72–6.42) | 0.0004 | 2.04 (1.00–4.15) | 0.049 |
| Dural involvement (Yes) | 0.22 (0.03–1.54) | 0.13 | ||
| Brain Parenchymal involvement d (Yes) | 5.48 (2.92–10.28) | <0.0001 | 5.67 (3.05–10.54) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke a (Yes) | 9.36 (5.79–15.14) | <0.0001 | 3.93 (1.94–7.95) | 0.0001 |
| Extensive osteomyelitis (Yes) | 1.29 (0.43–3.86) | 0.65 | ||
| Internal carotid artery thrombosis a (Yes) | 6.47 (3.59–11.65) | <0.0001 | 2.83 (0.95–8.44) | 0.062 |
a
Adjusted for study group.
b
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c.
c
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
d
Adjusted for age and sex as potential natural confounders.