Fig. 5.

Box plots of (a) breast volume percentages occupied by blood vessels in which 40 proposed NBPs (left) and 40 unmodified VICTRE NBPs (right) are compared and (b) spatially averaged effective optical attenuation coefficients ${\mu }_{\mathrm{eff}}$ estimated from 40 proposed NBPs at wavelengths of 757, 800, and 850 nm (left to right). The used NBPs have hemispherical shapes with radii stochastically sampled from the probability distribution ($a_{1t}$) in Table 2. In panel (a), the black dotted horizontal line indicates the estimated mean of four clinical OAT images acquired by TomoWave Laboratories (Houston, Texas, United States) using LOUISA-3D³ at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. In panel (b), the reference values were calculated from the measurements in Refs. ⁵¹ and ^85–87.