| Strong evidence (from two or three of the data source types) |
Afghanistan |
– |
n=2 (Jobs.Af, 2021; Summers, 2021) |
✓ |
| Bangladesh |
n=2 (Mahmood et al., 2019; Wallace, 2019) |
n=6 (Amin et al., 2020; Begum, 2019; Every Mother Counts, 2022; Goodbirth.net, 2021; Jahan, 2018; Michel-Schuldt et al., 2020a) |
✓ |
| Brazil |
n=10 (Caldas Nicacio et al., 2016; da Silva et al., 2013; 2012; Freitas et al., 2019; Nunes et al., 2016; Progianti et al., 2013; Rodrigues Duarte et al., 2019; Santos et al., 2015; Schneck et al., 2012; Viana et al., 2012) |
n=2 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; Silva, 2019) |
nr |
| Ecuador |
– |
n=2 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; New Life Ecuador, 2020) |
✓ |
| Fiji |
– |
n=2 (United Nations Population Fund, 2019; Vula, 2018) |
✓ |
| Gambia |
– |
n=2 (Sheikh Tihami I Nyass Foundation, 2022; Tripadvisor, 2015) |
✓ |
| Ghana |
– |
n=2 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; United Nations Population Fund, 2021b) |
✓ |
| Guatemala |
– |
n=2 (Asociación Corazón del Agua, 2021; Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✓ |
| Guinea |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✓ |
| Haiti |
n=1 (Floyd and Brunk, 2016) |
n=5 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; MamaBaby Haiti, 2022; Midwives for Haiti, 2015; Second Mile Haiti, 2022; Williams, 2018) |
✓ |
| India |
n=2 (Bogren and Erlandsson, 2021; David et al., 2012) |
n=4 (Birthvillage, 2022; Goodbirth.net, 2021; The Birth Home, 2020; The Sanctum, 2022) |
✓ |
| Indonesia |
n=3 (Diba et al., 2019; Erawati et al., 2020; Zulfa et al., 2021) |
n=3 (Bumi Sehat Foundation International, 2018; Reis, 2012; United Nations Population Fund, 2020) |
✓ |
| Iran |
n=4 (Moudi et al., 2014; Moudi and Tabatabaei, 2016; Shahinfar et al., 2021; Zolala et al., 2019) |
– |
✓ |
| Malawi |
– |
n=5 (Chatonda, 2021; Chodzaza and Moyo, 2021; Goodbirth.net, 2021; Kondowe, 2019; Seed Global Health, 2020) |
✓ |
| Mexico |
n=2 (Alonso et al., 2018; 2021) |
– |
✓ |
| Morocco |
– |
n=3 (Annuaire Gratuit Maroc, 2022; Goodbirth.net, 2021; Le360 (avec MAP), 2018) |
✓ |
| Pakistan |
n=3 (Akhtar et al., 2017; Anwar et al., 2014; Shahnaz et al., 2015) |
n=3 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; The Indus Hospital, 2021; United Nations Population Fund, 2021a) |
✓ |
| Philippines |
n=1 (Wallace, 2019) |
n=2 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; Mercy in Action, 2022) |
✓ |
| Sierra Leone |
n=1 (Ngongo et al., 2013) |
n=2 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; Jones, 2014) |
nr |
| South Africa |
n=22 (Abrahams et al., 2022; 2018; Anonymous, 2012; Dutton and Knight, 2020; Hofmeyr et al., 2014; Horner and Mashamba, 2014; Kennedy et al., 2012; Khoza-Shangase and Harbinson, 2015; Lau et al., 2014; Malatji and Madiba, 2020; Malesela, 2021; Mehta et al., 2018; Oosthuizen et al., 2022; 2020; 2019; Oosthuizen et al., 2017; Pattinson, 2015; Petersen Williams et al., 2014; 2018; Springer et al., 2020; Stellenberg and Ngwekazi, 2016; Zitha and Mokgatle, 2020) |
n=2 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; Mother Instinct, 2022) |
✓ |
| Uganda |
– |
n=3 (Global Force for Healing, 2021; Mother Health International, 2016; We Care Solar, 2013) |
✓ |
| Yemen |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✓ |
| Zambia |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✓ |
| Zimbabwe |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✓ |
| Weak evidence (from just one of the three data source types) |
Argentina |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Benin |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Bolivia |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Bulgaria |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Cambodia |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
nr |
| Chad |
– |
– |
✓ |
| China |
n=2 (Jiang et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2012) |
– |
nr |
| Comoros |
– |
– |
✓ |
|
Congo |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
nr |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Iraq |
– |
n=1 (Médecins Sans Frontières, 2014) |
nr |
| Kenya |
– |
n=1 (Africa Mission Services, 2020) |
✕ |
| Kyrgyzstan |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Lebanon |
– |
n=2 (Médecins Sans Frontières, 2019; Medina and Trinh, 2022) |
✕ |
| Liberia |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Madagascar |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Mali |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Mozambique |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
nr |
| Myanmar |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Nepal |
n=2 (Sapkota et al., 2012; Shah, 2016) |
– |
✕ |
| Palestine |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
nr |
| Peru |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
nr |
| Romania |
– |
n=1 (Newsbeezer.com, 2020) |
nr |
| Rwanda |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Senegal |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
✕ |
| Somalia |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Sri Lanka |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Syria |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Thailand |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
nr |
| Turkey |
n=1 (Bayoglu Tekin et al., 2015) |
– |
nr |
| Ukraine |
– |
n=1 (Goodbirth.net, 2021) |
nr |
| Vanuatu |
– |
– |
✓ |
| Viet Nam |
– |
n=2 (Goodbirth.net, 2021; United Nations Population Fund, 2017) |
nr |
