Table 3.
Summary of the main studies addressing the association between vitamin D deficiency and coronary artery calcium score and biomarkers of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability
| Authors | Year | Study design (patient number) | Outcome(s) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martín-Reyes et al.106 | 2016 | Cross-sectional (270) | Categorized CAC |
|
| Sung et al.107 | 2016 | Cross-sectional (180,918) | CAC | |
| Lee et al.108 | 2016 | Cross-sectional (195) | ||
| Diederichsen et al.109 | 2017 | Prospective (1227) | Incident CAC CAC progression |
|
| Sajjadieh et al.111 | 2020 | Cross-sectional (67) | CAC | There was no correlation between CAC and vitamin D levels (r = −0.03) |
| Anis et al.112 | 2020 | RCT (48w FU) (44) | CAC | CAC progression did not differ between treatment arms (calcitriol vs. paricalcitol; P = 0.76) |
| Rodrigues et al.113 | 2021 | Cross-sectional (140) | CAC | Excess visceral fat (OR 4.0 [1.4–11.7]) but not vitamin D is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis |
CAC, coronary artery calcification; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence Interval; FU, follow-up.