Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted odds of prediabetes for percent intakes of total added sugara in U.S. adults ≥20 years with normoglycemia and prediabetes, the NHANESb 2013–2018.
| Estimatec | SEd | p value | ORe | 95% CIf | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted (N = 5,306)g | Intercept | .246 | .083 | .57 | - | - |
| <10% (Ref.h) | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 10–15% | -.072 | .094 | .44 | .93 | .77–1.12 | |
| >15% | .025 | .112 | .82 | 1.03 | .82–1.28 | |
| Adjusted (N = 4,617)i,j | Intercept | -2.74 | .378 | .21 | - | - |
| <10% (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 10–15% | -.197 | .115 | .09 | .82 | .65–1.04 | |
| >15% | -.044 | .129 | .73 | .96 | .74–1.24 | |
| Age (yr) | .042 | .003 | < .01 | 1.04 | 1.04–1.05 | |
| Gender | Female (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Male | .637 | .120 | < .01 | 1.89 | 1.49–2.41 | |
| Race/ethnicity | Non-Hispanic White (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Non-Hispanic Black | .089 | .104 | .40 | 1.09 | .89–1.35 | |
| Hispanic (including Mexican American and Latino) | .373 | .124 | < .01 | 1.45 | 1.13–1.86 | |
| Asian American | .762 | .124 | < .01 | 2.14 | 1.67–2.75 | |
| Other Race | .736 | .208 | < .01 | 2.09 | 1.37–3.17 | |
| BMIk | Underweight ≤ 18.49 kg/m2 (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Normal 18.5–24.99 kg/m2 | .006 | .215 | .98 | 1.01 | .65–1.55 | |
| Overweight 25–29.99 kg/m2 | .615 | .257 | .02 | 1.85 | 1.10–3.10 | |
| Obese ≥30 kg/m2 | 1.14 | .246 | < .01 | 3.12 | 1.90–5.12 | |
| Total energy intake (kcall/day) | .00006 | .0001 | .51 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | |
| Moderate and/or vigorous physical activitym | No (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | -.173 | .099 | .09 | .84 | .69–1.03 | |
| Smoking statusn | Smoker (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Non-smoker | -.034 | .131 | .79 | .97 | .74–1.26 | |
| Educationo | <High school degree (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - |
| High School Degree | .266 | .149 | .08 | 1.31 | .97–1.76 | |
| >High School Degree | -.041 | .152 | .79 | .96 | .71–1.30 | |
| PIRp | <1.3 (Ref.) | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1.3–1.85 | .135 | .128 | .30 | 1.14 | .89–1.48 | |
| >1.85 | -.002 | .139 | .99 | 1.00 | .76–1.32 |
aPercent intakes of total added sugar were based on a percent estimate of usual intake of added sugar (g) converted into kcals and divided by total daily calories (kcals)
bNHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
cEstimate (β Coefficient) for added sugar (g) intake represents a change in the odds of having prediabetes for every 1-gram increase in added sugar.
dSE = standard error
eOR = odds ratio
fCI = confidence interval
gModel fit- C statistic: .501
hRef = reference category
iModel fit- C statistic: .733. N’s between unadjusted and adjusted models differ due to missing covariates included in the adjusted model
jCovariates included in the adjusted models are age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, total calorie intake (kcal/day), moderate and/or vigorous physical activity, smoking status, education, family poverty to income ratio (PIR).
kBMI = body mass index and was based on standard weight status categories using CDC criteria for underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese.
lkcal = kilocalories NHANES
m Physical activity was based on self-reported data of participant engagement in ≥10 minutes of moderate or vigorous recreational activity during a typical week (yes/no)
nSmoking status was based on self-reported data about the use of tobacco products within the last 5 days (yes/no). Smoker was defined as using products within the last 5 days. Non-smoker was defined as no use of tobacco products within the last 5 days.
oEducation was based on self-reported data asking participants their highest grade or level of school completed/received. < High school includes less than high school degree or no high school diploma. High school includes being a graduate or having a GED or equivalent. > High school includes some college/ associate degree or greater.
pPIR = family poverty to income ratio. <1.0 indicates below PIR, 1.0–2.9 indicates at or above PIR, and ≥ 3.0 indicates above PIR.