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. 2023 Mar 13;21(7):1361–1372. doi: 10.1111/pbi.14039

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Phytophthora infestans effectors triggered HR‐like cell death on nonhost pepper. (a) Pepper (cv. CM334) and potato (cv. Desiree) were inoculated with P. infestans T30‐4 (Pi T30‐4) zoospores or distilled water (TDW) as a negative control. HR cell death and sporangia development were visualized with trypan blue staining. Photographs and microscopic images were taken at 6 days post inoculation (dpi). Bars = 50 μm. (b) Among the 57 Pi effectors, PVX virion–mediated expression of Avrblb2 family effectors (PITG_20300, 04085, 04090, 18683, and 20301) along with PITG_23226 triggered cell death on CM334 and ECW30R pepper cultivars. Only PITG_23226 also triggered cell death in N. benthamiana via Agroinfiltration. GFP was included as a negative control in both experiments. The observed phenotypes were consistent in the three biological replicates. (c) Twenty‐five Pi effectors were expressed via Agroinfiltration on CM334 leaves. The numbers of cell death/replicated cases are presented on the lower right of each image. Multiple effectors known for its corresponding Solanum NLRs triggered cell death on CM334 leaves compared to GFP‐expressed leaves.