Table 2.
MTO Effects on the Characteristics of Participants’ Residential Census Tracts
| Control Mean | Experimental vs. Control |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| ITT | TOT | ||
| Duration-weighted tract characteristics (over the 10- to 15- year follow-up period) | |||
| Tract share poor | 0.400 | −0.092 | −0.188 |
| (0.006) | (0.012) | ||
| Tract share African-American | 0.543 | −0.034 | −0.070 |
| (0.008) | (0.017) | ||
| Tract share minority | 0.881 | −0.062 | −0.127 |
| (0.007) | (0.015) | ||
| Tract share receiving public assistance | 0.187 | −0.048 | −0.099 |
| (0.004) | (0.008) | ||
| Tract share female-headed households | 0.530 | −0.074 | −0.151 |
| (0.006) | (0.011) | ||
| Tract share unemployed | 0.196 | −0.039 | −0.080 |
| (0.003) | (0.007) | ||
| Tract share residents under age 18 | 0.340 | −0.024 | −0.050 |
| (0.003) | (0.005) | ||
| Concentrated disadvantage index | 1.855 | −0.269 | −0.551 |
| (0.021) | (0.042) | ||
| Tract share poor | |||
| 1 year post-random assignment | 0.482 | −0.161 | −0.330 |
| (0.008) | (0.015) | ||
| 5 years post-random assignment | 0.408 | −0.102 | −0.209 |
| (0.008) | (0.016) | ||
| 10 years post-random assignment | 0.339 | −0.053 | −0.108 |
| (0.007) | (0.015) | ||
| Number of years (over the 10- to 15-year follow-up period) in tracts with poverty rate less than… | |||
| 10% | 0.515 | 1.329 | 2.727 |
| (0.103) | (0.211) | ||
| 25% | 2.623 | 2.535 | 5.200 |
| (0.169) | (0.347) | ||
Notes: This table presents the estimated effect of the MTO experimental (low-poverty voucher) treatment on a variety of neighborhood characteristics for female adults (N=2,550 with valid Census tract characteristics data). The concentrated disadvantage index is a weighted combination of census tract percent [i] in poverty, [ii] African-American, [iii] on welfare, [iv] unemployed, [v] female-headed family households, and [vi] under age 18, with loading factors developed using 2000 Census tracts in Chicago by Sampson, Sharkey, and Raudenbush (2008). Census tract characteristics are based on Census 2000 data. The tables includes both the intent-to-treat (ITT) and treatment-on-treated (TOT) estimates from an ordinary least squares regression where the outcome is regressed on the experimental (low-poverty voucher) flag as well as the standard set of MTO covariates and where the standard MTO weight is applied. Robust standard errors are in parentheses, and all effects are significant at the p<.01 level.