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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Can J Stat. 2022 Apr 15;51(2):355–374. doi: 10.1002/cjs.11701

Table 2:

Simulation results for comparisons between methods with and without using working models based on n = 1000 and 1000 replications.

Method 1: with working models Method 2: without working models
βc β X 1 β X 2 βZ β X 2 Z βc β X 1 β X 2 βZ β X 2 Z
MLE bias 0.004 −0.004 −0.003 0.003 0.008 0.004 −0.004 −0.003 0.003 0.008
emp 0.075 0.087 0.087 0.086 0.091 0.075 0.087 0.087 0.086 0.091
est 0.076 0.085 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.076 0.085 0.087 0.087 0.088
cov 95.0 94.0 94.6 95.0 94.5 95.0 94.0 94.6 95.0 94.5
EL-1 bias 0.005 0.008 −0.003 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.008 −0.003 0.003 0.007
emp 0.031 0.046 0.087 0.086 0.091 0.031 0.046 0.087 0.086 0.091
est 0.032 0.045 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.032 0.045 0.087 0.087 0.088
cov 95.7 93.8 94.6 95.1 94.6 95.7 93.8 94.6 95.1 94.6
EL-2 bias 0.005 0.016 −0.012 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.017 −0.012 0.003 0.008
emp 0.029 0.039 0.035 0.086 0.090 0.029 0.039 0.035 0.086 0.090
est 0.030 0.038 0.036 0.087 0.087 0.030 0.038 0.036 0.087 0.087
cov 95.8 89.7 95.2 94.8 94.2 95.6 89.6 95.2 94.8 94.2
EL-3 bias −0.001 −0.002 0.007 0.003 0.007 −0.001 −0.002 0.006 0.003 0.007
emp 0.038 0.047 0.045 0.086 0.091 0.037 0.046 0.044 0.086 0.091
est 0.038 0.046 0.047 0.087 0.087 0.037 0.045 0.046 0.087 0.087
cov 95.5 94.6 95.2 94.9 94.2 95.3 93.9 94.7 95.0 94.3
EL-12 bias 0.002 0.016 −0.012 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.016 −0.012 0.003 0.007
emp 0.030 0.039 0.035 0.086 0.090 0.029 0.039 0.035 0.086 0.090
est 0.030 0.038 0.036 0.087 0.087 0.030 0.038 0.036 0.087 0.087
cov 95.2 90.6 95.4 94.7 94.3 95.4 89.7 95.4 94.8 94.3
EL-13 bias 0.001 0.001 0.010 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.007
emp 0.045 0.047 0.051 0.086 0.091 0.030 0.040 0.045 0.086 0.091
est 0.046 0.046 0.052 0.087 0.087 0.030 0.039 0.046 0.087 0.087
cov 95.7 94.2 93.6 95.0 93.8 95.8 93.6 94.7 95.1 94.3
EL-23 bias −0.001 −0.001 0.001 0.009 0.028 0.001 0.014 −0.010 0.001 0.016
emp 0.043 0.046 0.050 0.087 0.096 0.028 0.039 0.034 0.086 0.089
est 0.043 0.044 0.049 0.088 0.093 0.029 0.038 0.036 0.087 0.086
cov 94.7 93.1 94.5 95.1 94.2 95.6 90.5 96.0 94.8 93.9
EL-123 bias −0.003 0.000 0.004 0.009 0.027 0.002 0.014 −0.009 0.001 0.016
emp 0.046 0.047 0.050 0.088 0.098 0.028 0.039 0.034 0.086 0.089
est 0.049 0.044 0.049 0.088 0.096 0.029 0.038 0.036 0.087 0.086
cov 95.0 93.1 93.6 94.7 94.9 95.2 90.4 95.8 94.9 94.0

emp: empirical standard error. est: mean of estimated standard errors over 1000 replications. cov: percentage over 1000 replications that the 95% confidence intervals constructed based on asymptotic distributions cover the true value.