Table 2:
Simulation results for comparisons between methods with and without using working models based on n = 1000 and 1000 replications.
| Method 1: with working models | Method 2: without working models | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| βc | β X 1 | β X 2 | βZ | β X 2 Z | βc | β X 1 | β X 2 | βZ | β X 2 Z | ||
| MLE | bias | 0.004 | −0.004 | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.004 | −0.004 | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| emp | 0.075 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.086 | 0.091 | 0.075 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.086 | 0.091 | |
| est | 0.076 | 0.085 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.088 | 0.076 | 0.085 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.088 | |
| cov | 95.0 | 94.0 | 94.6 | 95.0 | 94.5 | 95.0 | 94.0 | 94.6 | 95.0 | 94.5 | |
| EL-1 | bias | 0.005 | 0.008 | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.008 | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| emp | 0.031 | 0.046 | 0.087 | 0.086 | 0.091 | 0.031 | 0.046 | 0.087 | 0.086 | 0.091 | |
| est | 0.032 | 0.045 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.088 | 0.032 | 0.045 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.088 | |
| cov | 95.7 | 93.8 | 94.6 | 95.1 | 94.6 | 95.7 | 93.8 | 94.6 | 95.1 | 94.6 | |
| EL-2 | bias | 0.005 | 0.016 | −0.012 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.017 | −0.012 | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| emp | 0.029 | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.086 | 0.090 | 0.029 | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.086 | 0.090 | |
| est | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 0.087 | |
| cov | 95.8 | 89.7 | 95.2 | 94.8 | 94.2 | 95.6 | 89.6 | 95.2 | 94.8 | 94.2 | |
| EL-3 | bias | −0.001 | −0.002 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.007 | −0.001 | −0.002 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| emp | 0.038 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.086 | 0.091 | 0.037 | 0.046 | 0.044 | 0.086 | 0.091 | |
| est | 0.038 | 0.046 | 0.047 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.037 | 0.045 | 0.046 | 0.087 | 0.087 | |
| cov | 95.5 | 94.6 | 95.2 | 94.9 | 94.2 | 95.3 | 93.9 | 94.7 | 95.0 | 94.3 | |
| EL-12 | bias | 0.002 | 0.016 | −0.012 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.016 | −0.012 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| emp | 0.030 | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.086 | 0.090 | 0.029 | 0.039 | 0.035 | 0.086 | 0.090 | |
| est | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 0.087 | |
| cov | 95.2 | 90.6 | 95.4 | 94.7 | 94.3 | 95.4 | 89.7 | 95.4 | 94.8 | 94.3 | |
| EL-13 | bias | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| emp | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.051 | 0.086 | 0.091 | 0.030 | 0.040 | 0.045 | 0.086 | 0.091 | |
| est | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.052 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.030 | 0.039 | 0.046 | 0.087 | 0.087 | |
| cov | 95.7 | 94.2 | 93.6 | 95.0 | 93.8 | 95.8 | 93.6 | 94.7 | 95.1 | 94.3 | |
| EL-23 | bias | −0.001 | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.028 | 0.001 | 0.014 | −0.010 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
| emp | 0.043 | 0.046 | 0.050 | 0.087 | 0.096 | 0.028 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.086 | 0.089 | |
| est | 0.043 | 0.044 | 0.049 | 0.088 | 0.093 | 0.029 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 0.086 | |
| cov | 94.7 | 93.1 | 94.5 | 95.1 | 94.2 | 95.6 | 90.5 | 96.0 | 94.8 | 93.9 | |
| EL-123 | bias | −0.003 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.027 | 0.002 | 0.014 | −0.009 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
| emp | 0.046 | 0.047 | 0.050 | 0.088 | 0.098 | 0.028 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.086 | 0.089 | |
| est | 0.049 | 0.044 | 0.049 | 0.088 | 0.096 | 0.029 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.087 | 0.086 | |
| cov | 95.0 | 93.1 | 93.6 | 94.7 | 94.9 | 95.2 | 90.4 | 95.8 | 94.9 | 94.0 | |
emp: empirical standard error. est: mean of estimated standard errors over 1000 replications. cov: percentage over 1000 replications that the 95% confidence intervals constructed based on asymptotic distributions cover the true value.