Table 2.
Associations between relationship stigma and relationship quality, psychological distress, and substance use
| Relationship Satisfaction | Commitment | Closeness Discrepancy | Psychological Distress | Alcohol Use | Non-marijuana Illicit Drug Use | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Relationship Stigma (Actor Effect) | −2.99 | (−3.73, −2.26) | −3.67 | (−4.88, −2.47) | 0.36 | (0.11, 0.60) | 2.42 | (1.23, 3.60) | 1.24 | (0.87, 1.78) | 1.23 | (0.80, 1.9) |
| Relationship Stigma (Partner Effect) | −0.89 | (−1.56, −0.21) | −0.81 | (−1.92, 0.31) | 0.23 | (−0.05, 0.50) | 0.17 | (−0.94, 1.28) | 0.95 | (0.68, 1.33) | 0.96 | (0.64, 1.44) |
| Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Relationship length | −0.01 | (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.10 | (0.03, 0.17) | −0.02 | (−0.03, −0.004) | 0.02 | (−0.08, 0.11) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.03) | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.02) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Black | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- |
| White | 0.43 | (−1.10, 1.96) | 1.39 | (−0.60, 3.39) | −0.32 | (−0.88, 0.23) | 2.52 | (0.26, 4.77) | 0.49 | (0.24, 1.02) | 3.22 | (1.57, 6.58) |
| Latinx | −0.09 | (−1.78, 1.60) | −0.08 | (−2.32, 2.16) | −0.26 | (−0.90, 0.39) | 0.88 | (−1.32, 3.09) | 0.44 | (0.20, 0.95) | 2.32 | (1.05, 5.13) |
| Other | −0.63 | (−2.61, 1.35) | 0.53 | (−2.16, 3.23) | −0.37 | (−1.04, 0.30) | 1.71 | (−0.92, 4.33) | 0.26 | (0.11, 0.61) | 1.60 | (0.67, 3.82) |
| Cisgender Male Gender | −0.02 | (−0.73, 0.69) | 0.59 | (−0.46, 1.63) | 0.12 | (−0.21, 0.45) | 1.43 | (0.09, 2.78) | 1.03 | (0.58, 1.84) | 1.44 | (0.78, 2.64) |
| Gay Sexual Identity | 0.02 | (−0.54, 0.58) | −0.46 | (−1.35, 0.44) | −0.03 | (−0.26, 0.19) | −0.34 | (−1.35, 0.67) | 1.33 | (0.90, 1.96) | 1.19 | (0.82, 1.75) |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- |
| High school graduate | 1.79 | (−0.33, 3.92) | 1.77 | (−1.46, 4.99) | −0.62 | (−1.49, 0.25) | −0.65 | (−3.55, 2.25) | 0.83 | (0.26, 2.61) | 0.64 | (0.22, 1.83) |
| Some college | 0.45 | (−1.62, 2.52) | 1.46 | (−1.83, 4.75) | −0.45 | (−1.30, 0.41) | −0.09 | (−2.81, 2.62) | 0.86 | (0.29, 2.48) | 0.56 | (0.19, 1.64) |
| College graduate | 0.67 | (−1.53, 2.87) | 0.85 | (−2.75, 4.45) | −0.82 | (−1.73, 0.08) | 0.30 | (−3.03, 3.63) | 1.12 | (0.35, 3.59) | 0.61 | (0.19, 1.98) |
| Post doctorate | 1.51 | (−0.78, 3.80) | 2.15 | (−1.32, 5.61) | −0.65 | (−1.54, 0.23) | −0.69 | (−3.95, 2.57) | 2.38 | (0.69, 8.21) | 0.59 | (0.17, 2.06) |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 1st quad. (< 36.1 yrs) | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- | Ref | -- |
| 2nd quad. (< 46.7 yrs) | −0.19 | (−1.55, 1.17) | 0.02 | (−2.03, 2.06) | −0.23 | (−0.65, 0.19) | −0.98 | (−3.11, 1.14) | 0.73 | (0.34, 1.54) | 1.30 | (0.60, 2.82) |
| 3rd quad. (< 54.6 yrs) | 0.14 | (−1.40, 1.67) | 0.52 | (−1.51, 2.55) | −0.30 | (−0.78, 0.19) | −3.15 | (−5.46, −0.83) | 0.57 | (0.24, 1.35) | 0.76 | (0.31, 1.84) |
| 4th quad. (≥ 54.6 yrs) | 0.36 | (−1.26, 1.97) | −0.43 | (−2.67, 1.81) | −0.41 | (−0.92, 0.10) | −2.24 | (−4.59, 0.12) | 0.37 | (0.15, 0.90) | 0.44 | (0.18, 1.05) |
| Income | −0.01 | (−0.18, 0.16) | 0.07 | (−0.18, 0.31) | −0.01 | (−0.05, 0.04) | −0.42 | (−0.66, −0.19) | 1.14 | (1.04, 1.26) | 0.94 | (0.85, 1.03) |
| HIV positive status | −1.12 | (−1.99, −0.24) | −1.68 | (−3.10, −0.26) | 0.32 | (0.01, 0.63) | 1.64 | (−0.35, 3.63) | 1.29 | (0.72, 2.31) | 1.89 | (1.03, 3.47) |
Note: N = 283 for AUDIT; N = 284 for Relationship Satisfaction, Commitment, Closeness Discrepancy, Psychological Distress, and any Non-Marijuana Illicit Drug Use. The analysis represents data from 288 rows for 144 couples (one row for each couple member). All models were estimated via generalized estimating equations (GEE) with an exchangeable correlation structure to account for correlations of responses for individuals within dyads. Odds ratios (OR) are reported for the ordinal (AUDIT) and binary logistic (any drug use) regression models and unstandardized betas (B) are reported for the linear regression models (relationship satisfaction, commitment, closeness discrepancy, and psychological distress). Bolded text indicates effects that are statistically significant at p < 0.05.