Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Jun 20;14:3654. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38790-1

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 6 — Following 3D diffusion, St-Cascade binds to DNA and scans PAMs in a 1D random walk process. Each PAM is interrogated for approximately 0.5 ms. Productive 1D search events that end in the formation of a full R-loop take on average 80 ms. Non-productive search events end after approximately 150 ms by dissociating from the DNA and proceeding to 3D diffusion. The duration of non-productive search events depends on the torque applied on the DNA where adding negative torque reduces the duration of the search due to facilitated R-loop formation. In case of encountering the correct PAM, R-loop formation, and thus target recognition, occurs in less than 25% of the cases. However, St-Cascade revisits the PAM multiple times, leading to a significant increase in overall search efficiency up to 40% at negative torque.