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. 2023 Jun 20;13:9964. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36844-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation of the JNK pathway involved in CHI3L1-induced autophagy. A549 and H460 cells were transfected with either Myc-vector or Myc-CHI3L1 for 24 h. (A) The expression of mTOR pathway related proteins such as p-mTOR, p-S6 kinase, p-ULK1 and p-4E-BP1 was evaluated by Western blotting. (B) The expression of MAPK pathway related proteins such as p-JNK, JNK, p-AKT, AKT, p-ERK, ERK, p-p38, and p38 was evaluated by Western blotting. (C) The expression of JNK downstream pathway related proteins such as p-c-Jun, c-Jun, p-c-Fos, and c-Fos was evaluated by Western blotting. Western blotting was performed two times with duplicate samples.