Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 1031) | Carotid plaque |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absent (n = 980) | Present (n = 51) | |||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 53.1 ± 6.9 | 53.0 ± 6.9 | 55.9 ± 6.2 | .003∗ |
| Female sex, n (%) | 632 (61%) | 604 (62%) | 28 (55%) | .336 |
| Premature CVD | ||||
| Parents, n (%) | 936 (91%) | 890 (91%) | 46 (91%) | .805 |
| Siblings, n (%) | 315 (31%) | 298 (30%) | 17 (33%) | .660 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White, n (%) | 936 (91%) | 892 (91%) | 44 (86%) | .220 |
| Physical activity intensity | ||||
| Low, n (%) | 387 (38%) | 369 (38%) | 18 (35%) | .800 |
| Intermediate, n (%) | 501 (48%) | 474 (48%) | 27 (53%) | |
| Intense, n (%) | 143 (14%) | 137 (14%) | 6 (12%) | |
| Alimentation (number of daily servings) | ||||
| Fruit, mean ± SD | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | .316 |
| Vegetable, mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | .135 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never, n (%) | 579 (56%) | 558 (57%) | 21 (41%) | .060 |
| Current, n (%) | 81 (8%) | 74 (8%) | 7 (14%) | .069 |
| Ex-smoker, n (%) | 371 (36%) | 348 (35%) | 23 (45%) | .426 |
| Clinical features | ||||
| History of hypertension, n (%)† | 295 (29%) | 273(28%) | 22 (43%) | .019∗ |
| History of elevated cholesterol, n (%)† | 401 (39%) | 376 (38%) | 25 (49%) | .128 |
| SBP (mm Hg), mean ± SD | 131.6 ± 16.1 | 131.4 ± 16.0 | 134.9 ± 17.4 | .132 |
| DBP (mm Hg), mean ± SD | 81.9 ± 10.1 | 81.8 ± 10.1 | 83.9 ± 9.0 | .159 |
| BMI (kg/m2),‡ mean ± SD | 27.9 ± 5.2 | 28.0 ± 5.3 | 27.5 ± 4.3 | .567 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| TCH (mmol/L),‡ mean ± SD | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | .602 |
| HDLC (mmol/L),‡ mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | .320 |
| LDLC mmol/L),‡ mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | .838 |
| TG (mmol/L),‡ mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | .091 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L),‡ mean ± SD | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | .008∗ |
| Risk scores | ||||
| PCE,‡ mean ± SD | 4.4 ± 4.4 | 4.3 ± 4.3 | 6.1 ± 4.8 | .004∗ |
| FRS,‡ mean ± SD | 4.3 ± 3.7 | 4.3 ± 3.7 | 5.6 ± 4.2 | .015∗ |
| FBS,‡ mean ± SD | 7.89 ± 2.6 | 7.9 ± 2.6 | 6.9 ± 2.8 | .008∗ |
BMI = body mass index; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FBS = Fuster-BEWAT Score; FRS = Framingham Risk Score; HDLC = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCE = Pooled Cohort Equation; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TCH = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides.
∗
Asterisk indicates statistically significant values.
†
Collected via self-report.
‡
Missing values: BMI = 2, TCH = 7, HDLC = 11, LDLC = 11, TG = 313, blood glucose = 8, PCE = 11, FRS = 3, FBS = 1.