Table 1.
Study and participant characteristics of the studies
| First author Year |
Sample size (n) | Age (years) | Bone status | Menopausal age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adami 1999 |
E: 125 C: 125 |
E: 65 ± 6 C: 63 ± 7 |
Healthy |
E: 16 ± 7 C: 14 ± 8 |
E: 25 ± 3 C: 24 ± 3 |
| Basat 2013 |
RE: 14 HI: 14 C: 14 |
RE: 56 ± 5 HI: 56 ± 3 C: 56 ± 4 |
Osteopenia |
RE: 6 ± 4 HI: 7 ± 2 C: 6 ± 3 |
RE: 25 ± 5 HI: 26 ± 4 C: 28 ± 4 |
| Bassey 1998 |
E: 45 C: 32 |
E: 56 ± 3 C: 55 ± 4 |
Healthy |
E: 7 ± 4 C: 5 ± 4 |
E: 25 ± 3 C: 25 ± 3 |
| Bassey 1995 |
E: 311 C: 32 |
E: 54 ± 4 C: 55 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: 7 ± 4 C: 7 ± 5 |
E: 25 ± 3 C: 25 ± 4 |
| Bello 2014 |
E: 10 C: 10 |
E: 61 ± 6 C: 61 ± 6 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
n.g n.g |
| Bemben 2010 |
E: 222 C: 12 |
E: 64 ± 1 C: 63 ± 1 |
Healthy |
E: > 5 C: > 5 |
E: 30 ± 1 C: 29 ± 1 |
| Bemben 2000 |
HR: 11 HL: 13 C: 11 |
HR: 52 ± 2 HL: 50 ± 2 C: 52 ± 1 |
Healthy |
HL: ≤ 7 HR: ≤ 7 C: ≤ 7 |
HL: 29 ± 2 HR: 23 ± 1 C: 24 ± 2 |
| Bergström 2008 |
E: 60 C: 52 |
E: 59 ± 4 C: 60 ± 3 |
forearm fractures |
n.g. n.g |
E: 24 ± 3 C: 25 ± 2 |
| Bloomfield 1993 |
E: 7 C: 7 |
E: 62 ± 1 C: 59 ± 4 |
Healthy |
E: 11 ± 3 C: 15 ± 2 |
E: 28 ± 1 C: 25 ± 1 |
| Bocalini 2009 |
E: 23 C: 12 |
E: 69 ± 9 C: 67 ± 8 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
E: 28 ± 4 C: 27 ± 6 |
| Bolton 2012 |
E: 19 C: 20 |
E: 60 ± 6 C: 56 ± 5 |
Osteopenia |
E: 13 ± 7 C: 12 ± 7 |
E: 25 ± 4 C: 25 ± 4 |
| Brooke-Wavell 2001 |
E: 18 C: 21 |
E: 65 ± 3 C: 65 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: > 5 C: > 5 |
#E: 26 #C: 27 |
| Brooke-Wavell 1997 |
E: 43 C: 41 |
E: 65 ± 3 C: 64 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: 15 ± 5 C: 15 ± 7 |
E: 26 ± 4 C: 26 ± 4 |
| Caplan 1993* |
E: 19 C: 11 |
E: 66 ± 1 C: 65 ± 1 |
Healthy |
E: 18 ± 2 C: 21 ± 3 |
E: 25 ± 1 C: 24 ± 1 |
| Chan 2004 |
E: 67 C: 65 |
E: 54 ± 3 C: 54 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: ≤ 10 C: ≤ 10 |
E: 24 ± 5 C: 24 ± 5 |
| Chilibeck 2013 | E + Pl: 86 Pl: 88 |
E + Pl: 55 ± 6 Pl: 56 ± 7 |
Healthy |
E + PL: > 1 Pl: > 1 |
#E + PI: 28 #PI: 28 |
| Chilibeck 2002* |
E: 14 C: 14 |
E: 57 ± 2 C: 59 ± 2 |
Healthy |
E: 9 ± 2 C: 8 ± 2 |
E: 27 ± 2 C: 27 ± 1 |
| Choquette 2011 |
E + Pl: 25 Pl: 26 |
E + Pl: 58 ± 6 Pl: 59 ± 6 |
Healthy |
E + Pl: 8 ± 8 Pl: 10 ± 8 |
E + Pl: 29 ± 4 Pl: 31 ± 3 |
| Chuin 2009 |
E + Pl: 11 Pl: 7 |
E + Pl: 65 ± 3 Pl: 67 ± 4 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
E + Pl: 27 ± 3 Pl: 26 ± 3 |
| de Matos 2009 |
E: 30 C: 29 |
E: 57 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 |
≥ Osteopenia |
E: 10 C: 7 |
E: 24 ± 3 C: 26 ± 3 |
| Deng 2009 |
E: 45 C: 36 |
E: 54 ± 4 C: 51 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E: ≤ 10 C: ≤ 10 |
n.g n.g |
| de Oliveira 2018 |
E: 17 C: 17 |
E: 56 ± 7 C: 54 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E: 8 ± 7 C: 9 ± 7 |
E: 27 ± 3 C: 27 ± 3 |
| Duff 2016 |
E: 22 C: 22 |
E: 65 ± 5 C: 65 ± 5 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
n.g n.g |
| Ebrahim 1997 |
E: 81 C: 84 |
E: 66 ± 8 C: 68 ± 8 |
Previous upper limb fractures |
n.g n.g |
E: 27 ± 4 C: 26 ± 5 |
| Englund 2005 |
E: 24 C: 24 |
E: 73 ± 4 C: 73 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E: 25 C: 23 |
E: 25 ± 3 C: 26 ± 3 |
| Evans 2007 |
E + SP: 113 SP: 10 |
E + SP: 62 ± 5 SP: 63 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E + SP: 8 ± 6 SP: 8 ± 5 |
#E + SP: 25 #SP: 26 |
| Going 2003 |
E: 91 C: 70 |
E: 56 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E: > 3 C: > 3 |
E: 26 ± 3 C: 26 ± 4 |
| Grove 1992 |
LI: 5 HI: 5 C: 5 |
LI: 57 ± 4 HI: 54 ± 2 C: 56 ± 4 |
Healthy |
LI: ≤ 8 HI: ≤ 8 C: ≤ 8 |
n.g n.g n.g |
| Hans 2002 |
E: 110 C: 35 |
E: 68 ± 5 C: 66 ± 5 |
≥ Osteopenia |
E: > 5 C: > 5 |
E: 24 C: 23 |
| Hartard 1996 |
E: 18 C: 16 |
E: 64 ± 6 C: 67 ± 10 |
Osteopenia |
E: > 2 C: > 2 |
#E: 25 #: 25 |
| Hartley 2020 |
E: 32 C: 32 |
E: 62 ± 4 C: 62 ± 4 |
Healthy |
E: 11 ± 6 C: 11 ± 6 |
E: 24 ± 3 C: 24 ± 3 |
| Hatori 1993 |
E: 234 C: 12 |
H: 56 ± 4 M: 58 ± 5 C: 58 ± 8 |
Healthy |
H: 7 ± 5 M: 6 ± 4 C: 9 ± 8 |
H: 23 ± 2 M: 24 ± 2 C: 25 ± 3 |
| Hettchen 2021 |
E: 21 C: 20 |
E: 54 ± 2 C: 54 ± 2 |
Osteopenia |
E: ≤ 5 C: ≤ 5 |
E: 24 ± 3 C: 25 ± 5 |
| Holubiac 2022 |
E: 15 C: 14 |
E: 56 ± 3 C: 57 ± 2 |
≥ Osteopenia | n.g |
E: 25 ± 2 C: 25 ± 2 |
| Iwamoto 2001 |
E: 8 C: 20 |
E: 65 ± 5 C: 65 ± 6 |
Osteoporosis |
E: 16 ± 6 C: 15 ± 6 |
E: 20 ± 1 C: 20 ± 2 |
| Jessup 2003 |
E: 10 C: 10 |
E: 69 ± 3 C: 69 ± 4 |
Healthy |
E: 24 ± 11 C: 22 ± 11 |
n.g n.g |
| Karakiriou 2011* |
E: 10 C: 9 |
E: 53 ± 1 C: 53 ± 1 |
Osteopenia |
E: 5 ± 3 C: 3 ± 3 |
E: 28 ± 1 C: 30 ± 1 |
| Kemmler 2013 |
E: 43 C: 42 |
E: 52 ± 2 C: 52 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: ≤ 3 C: ≤ 3 |
#E: 26 #C: 26 |
| Kemmler 2010 |
E: 123 C: 123 |
E: 69 ± 4 C: 69 ± 4 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
#E: 26 #C: 27 |
|
Kemmler 2004 |
E: 86 C: 51 |
E: 55 ± 3 C: 56 ± 3 |
Osteopenia |
E: > 1 C: > 1 |
E: 25 ± 3 C: 25 ± 4 |
| Kemmler 1999 |
E-PM: 15 L-PM: 17 C: 18 |
E-PM: 54 ± 5 L-PM: 65 ± 6 C: 56 ± 8 |
Healthy |
E-PM ≤ 8 L-PM > 8 C > 1 |
E-PM: 26 ± 4 L-PM: 26 ± 4 C: 27 ± 5 |
| Kerr 2001 |
RE: 42 Fit: 42 C: 42 |
RE: 60 ± 5 Fit: 59 ± 5 C: 62 ± 6 |
Healthy |
RE: > 4 Fit: > 4 C: > 4 |
#RE: 27 #Fit: 25 #C: 26 |
| Kerr 1996 |
En: 285 RE: 28 |
En: 56 ± 5 RE: 58 ± 4 |
Healthy |
En: 1–15 RE: 1–15 |
En: 26 RE: 25 |
| Kohrt 1997* |
JRF: 15 GRF: 18 C: 15 |
JRF: 65 ± 1 GRF: 66 ± 1 C: 68 ± 1 |
Healthy |
JRF: 16 GRF: 16 C: 21 |
#JRF: 27 #GRF: 27 #C: 27 |
| Kohrt 1995 |
E: 86 C: 8 |
E: 65 ± 3 C: 66 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: > 10 C: > 10 |
#E: 25 #C: 25 |
| Korpelainen 2006 |
E: 84 C: 76 |
E: 73 ± 1 C: 73 ± 1 |
Osteopenia |
n.g n.g |
E: 26 ± 3 C: 26 ± 4 |
| Kwon 2008 |
E: 20 C: 20 |
E: 77 ± 2 C: 77 ± 3 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
E: 26 ± 2 C: 25 ± 3 |
| Lau 1992 |
E + Pl: 15 Pl: 15 |
E + Pl: 79 Pl: 75 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
n.g n.g |
| Liu 2015 |
E: 50 C: 48 |
E: 63 ± 7 C: 62 ± 8 |
Osteoporosis |
E: 14 ± 6 C: 13 ± 7 |
n.g n.g |
| Lord 1996 |
E: 90 C: 89 |
E: 72 ± 5 C: 71 ± 5 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
#E: 27 #C: 26 |
| Maddalozzo 2007 |
E: 35 C: 34 |
E: 52 ± 3 C: 52 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: ≤ 3 C: ≤ 3 |
n.g n.g |
| Marin-Cascales 2019 |
E: 13 C: 10 |
E: 58 ± 7 C: 62 ± 5 |
Healthy (?) |
E: ≥ 3 C: ≥ 3 |
E: 30 ± 4 C: 29 ± 5 |
| Marques 2011 |
E: 30 C: 30 |
E: 70 ± 5 C: 68 ± 5 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
E: 28 ± 4 C: 28 ± 4 |
| Marques 2011 |
RE: 23 AE: 24 C: 24 |
RE: 67 ± 5 AE: 70 ± 5 C: 68 ± 6 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g n.g |
RE: 29 ± 5 AE: 28 ± 4 C: 28 ± 4 |
| Martin 1993 |
45 mE: 25 30 mE: 27 C: 24 |
45 mE: 58 ± 7 30 mE: 60 ± 8 C: 57 ± 7 |
Healthy |
45 mE: 9 ± 9 30 mE: 13 ± 9 C: 8 ± 7 |
#45 m E: 26 #30 mE: 26 #C: 28 |
| Milliken 2003 |
E: 26 C: 30 |
E: 57 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E: 6 ± 3 C: 6 ± 3 |
#E: 26 #C: 26 |
| Montgomery 2020 |
E1: 5 E2: 5 C: 7 |
Co: 56 ± 3 In: 53 ± 3 C: 54 ± 4 |
Healthy |
E1: ≤ 5 E2: ≤ 5 C: ≤ 5 |
Co: 25 ± 2 In: 25 ± 5 C: 25 ± 3 |
| Nelson 1994 |
E: 21 C: 19 |
E: 61 ± 4 C: 57 ± 6 |
Healthy (6 women with spine fracture) |
E: 12 ± 5 C: 10 ± 5 |
E: 24 ± 3 C: 23 ± 2 |
| Nelson 1991* |
E: 217 C: 20 |
E: 60 ± 1 C: 60 ± 1 |
Healthy |
E: 11 ± 1 C: 11 ± 1 |
E: 24 ± 1 E: 24 ± 1 |
| Nichols 1995* |
E: 17 C: 17 |
E: 68 ± 2 C: 65 ± 1 |
Healthy |
E: 18 ± 1 C: 18 ± 1 |
#E: 26 #C: 27 |
| Nicholson 2015 |
E: 28 C: 29 |
E: 66 ± 4 C: 66 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E: > 5 C: > 5 |
E: 26 ± 3 C: 25 ± 3 |
| Orsatti 2013 |
E + Pl: 20 Pl: 20 |
E + Pl: 56 ± 9 Pl: 55 ± 8 |
Healthy |
E + Pl: 9 ± 6 Pl: 8 ± 6 |
E + Pl: 26 ± 3 Pl: 30 ± 5 |
| Park 2008 |
E: 25 C: 25 |
E: 68 ± 4 C: 68 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: 18 ± 2 C: 19 ± 3 |
n.g n.g |
| Prince 1995 |
E + Ca: 42 Ca: 42 |
E + Ca: 63 ± 5 Ca: 62 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E + Ca: ≥ 10 Ca: ≥ 10 |
n.g n.g |
| Pruitt 1995 |
HI: 15 LI: 13 C: 12 |
HI: 67 LI: 68 ± 1 C: 70 ± 4 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g n.g |
HI: 25 ± 3 LI: 24 ± 2 C: 25 ± 3 |
| Pruitt 1992* |
E: 17 C: 10 |
E: 54 ± 1 C: 56 ± 1 |
Healthy |
E: ≤ 7 C: ≤ 7 |
#E: 25 #C: 25 |
| Rhodes 2000 |
E: 22 C: 22 |
E: 69 ± 3 C: 68 ± 3 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
#E: 26 #C: 24 |
| Ryan 1998 |
E: 18 C: 18 |
E: 62 ± 6 C: 63 ± 6 |
Healthy |
E: > 2 C: > 2 |
E: 31 ± 3 C: 31 ± 3 |
| Sakai 2010* |
E: 49 C: 45 |
E: 68 ± 1 C: 68 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g |
E: 22 ± 0 C: 23 ± 0 |
| Silverman 2009 |
E: 46 C: 40 |
E: 60 ± 5 C: 58 ± 5 |
Healthy |
E: 12 ± 8 C: 11 ± 7 |
E: 32 ± 4 C: 33 ± 5 |
| Sinaki 1989 |
E: 34 C: 34 |
E: 56 ± 4 C: 56 ± 4 |
Healthy |
E: > 0.5 C: > 0.5 |
E: 25 C: 26 |
| Sugiyama 2002* |
E: 138 C: 13 |
E: 52 ± 1 C: 53 ± 1 |
Healthy |
E: ≤ 5 C: ≤ 5 |
E: 23 ± 1 C: 22 ± 1 |
| Tartibian 2011 |
E: 20 C: 18 |
E: 61 ± 7 C: 59 ± 8 |
Healthy |
E: ≥ 8 C: ≥ 8 |
E: 25 ± 7 C: 29 ± 4 |
| Tolomio 2009 |
E: 81 C: 79 |
E: 62 ± 5 C: 64 ± 5 |
≥ Osteopenia |
n.g n.g |
#E: 26 #C: 25 |
| Verschueren 2004 |
E: 22 C: 24 |
E: 64 ± 4 C: 64 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E: 15 ± 6 C: 15 ± 7 |
E: 27 ± 4 C: 27 ± 6 |
| Waltman 2022 |
E: 92 C: 93 |
E: 54 ± 3 C: 54 ± 3 |
Osteopenia |
E: ≤ 6 C: ≤ 6 |
E: 26 ± 4 C: 26 ± 5 |
| Wang 2015 |
TC: 40 TCRT: 40 C: 39 |
TC: 58 ± 3 TCRT: 58 ± 3 C: 58 ± 3 |
Healthy |
TC: > 0.5 TCRT: > 0.5 C: > 0.5 |
#TC: 24 #TCRT: 23 #C: 24 |
| Woo 2007 |
TC: 30 RE: 30 C: 30 |
TC: 70 ± 3 RE: 70 ± 3 C: 69 ± 3 |
Healthy |
n.g n.g n.g |
TC: 24 ± 4 RE: 25 ± 4 C: 25 ± 3 |
| Wu 2006 |
E + Pl: 34 Pl: 34 |
E + Pl: 55 ± 3 Pl: 55 ± 3 |
Healthy |
E + Pl: ≤ 5 Pl: ≤ 5 |
E + Pl: 22 ± 3 Pl: 21 ± 2 |
| Yamazaki 2004* |
E: 32 C: 18 |
E: 64 ± 3 C: 66 ± 3 |
≥ Osteopenia |
E: 17 ± 9 C: 15 ± 9 |
E: 21 ± 8 C: 21 ± 6 |
All values are presented as mean value ± SD, unless stated otherwise
AE aerobic exercise, C control, Ca calcium, E exercise, En endurance, Fit fitness, GRF ground-reaction forces, H high, HI high impact, HL high load, HR high repetition, JRF joint-reaction forces, LI low impact, M moderate, n.g. not given, Pl placebo, RE resistance exercise, SP soy protein, TC Tai Chi, TCRT Tai Chi resistance training
*Numbers are presented as mean ± SE
#Calculated (body mass (kg)/body height (m2)). “Bone status”: We focus on osteoporosis/osteopenia and fractures — otherwise, subjects were considered “healthy”
1According to the text, 63 women were randomized equally
2It is not stated to which groups the seven drop outs belong
3It is not stated to which group the nine drop outs belong
4It is not clear to which exercise groups two persons who failed to complete the program belong
5One side of body is considered as control and the other side as intervention
6No data concerning participants/group; we assumed an equal allocation
7Exercise with or without 831 mg/day Ca versus sedentary control with or without 831 mg/day Ca
8According to the baseline table, there are 13 women in the exercise group; six persons in exercise groups were excluded due to low compliance, but it is not clear whether these participants are in the pre- or postmenopausal group