Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for death with a neural tube defect in the causal chain among stillbirths and children younger than 5 years in the CHAMPS Network (2017–21)
| Adjusted OR*†(95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of stillbirths, infants, and children | |||
| Site‡ | |||
| Bangladesh | 0·32 (0·06–1·80) | 0·19 | |
| Ethiopia | 8·09 (2·84–23·02) | <0·0001 | |
| Kenya | 0·17 (0·02–1·50) | 0·11 | |
| Mali§ | 0·10 (0·00–0·50) | 0·0063 | |
| Mozambique | 0·78 (0·27–2·23) | 0·65 | |
| Sierra Leone | 0·61 (0·14–2·58) | 0·50 | |
| South Africa | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Sex¶ | |||
| Male | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Female | 4·40 (2·44–7·93) | <0·0001 | |
| Maternal characteristics‖ | |||
| Age group** | |||
| <20 years | 2·10 (0·80–5·54) | 0·13 | |
| 20–24 years | 1·99 (0·96–4·09) | 0·063 | |
| 25–29 years | 1·80 (0·89–3·64) | 0·10 | |
| ≥30 years | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Religion†† | |||
| Christian | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Hindu | 1·85 (0·17–20·02) | 0·61 | |
| Muslim | 0·62 (0·29–1·31) | 0·21 | |
| Other§ | 0·26 (0·00–1·19) | 0·079 | |
| Education‡‡ | |||
| None | 0·83 (0·19–3·67) | 0·80 | |
| Primary | 0·38 (0·04–3·44) | 0·39 | |
| Secondary | 0·67 (0·13–3·44) | 0·64 | |
| Tertiary | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Alcohol§ | |||
| Yes | 4·50 (0·00–22·26) | 0·85 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Smoking§ | |||
| Yes | 5·61 (0·00–28·20) | 0·88 | |
| No | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Number of antenatal care visits§§ | |||
| 0 | 2·48 (1·12–5·51) | 0·026 | |
| 1–2 | 1·37 (0·56–3·31) | 0·49 | |
| 3–4 | 1·11 (0·50–2·47) | 0·79 | |
| 5–6 | 1·41 (0·46–4·29) | 0·54 | |
| 7–8 | 2·25 (0·28–17·98) | 0·45 | |
| 9–10 | 1 (ref) | .. | |
CHAMPS=Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network. OR=odds ratio.
Stillbirths, infants, and children who did not die due to a neural tube defect did die but due to some cause other than a neural tube defect.
Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs from reduced models in which all possible subsets of potential confounders (site of death; age and sex of the child; age, education, and religion of the mother; and antenatal care visits) had been dropped were compared with those from the fully adjusted model; if it was within 10% of the fully adjusted model, there was evidence that the variable was not a confounder and was dropped.
Adjusted for age and sex of the child; age, education, and religion of the mother; and antenatal care visits.
Exact logistic regression model performed due to sparse data.
Adjusted for site of death; age of the child; age, education, and religion of the mother; and antenatal care visits.
All characteristics pertinent to time of pregnancy.
Adjusted for site of death; age and sex of the child; education and religion of the mother; and antenatal care visits.
Adjusted for site of death; age and sex of the child; age and education of the mother; and antenatal care visits.
Adjusted for site of death; age and sex of the child; age and religion of the mother; and antenatal care visits.
Adjusted for site of death; age and sex of the child; and age, education, and religion of the mother.