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. 2023 Jun 20;14:3656. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38564-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Retinotopic mapping approach uses a 28 × 16° gaze-contingent grid with 1° spacing. This downsampled stimulus is used to estimate the receptive field (RF) using linear regression with binned spike counts. b The spatiotemporal RF at the peak lag is shown as a heatmap for foveal and peripheral example units. A region of interest (ROI) is set around the peak value in the RF map. This ROI is used to repeat the analysis at a .3° resolution, which is shown in the insets. The black line denotes a contour from Gaussian fit at 2 standard deviations. c Subspace reverse correlation procedure for mapping tuning. Full-field gratings are updated randomly at or near the frame rate. Linear regression is used to map from the frequency subspace to firing rates. The resulting spatiotemporal weights are used to learn the tuning and temporal impulse response. d Example joint orientation-frequency tuning maps for the units in panel b. Black lines indicate 50 and 75% contour lines from the parametric fit (methods). e Temporal impulse response in spikes per second for preferred gratings measured with forward correlation.