Table 4.

Gut barrier dysfunction.

Biomarkers	AD (n = 45)	MCI (n = 38)	NC (n = 35)	P-value
Diamine oxidase (U/L)	11.66 ± 1.91*	10.81 ± 2.24	10.47 ± 1.76	0.034
D-lactic acid (mg/L)	13.30 ± 2.27**	12.43 ± 2.01*	11.14 ± 1.78	<0.01
Endotoxin (U/L)	20.99 ± 2.34**,##	18.21 ± 2.23*	17.01 ± 1.37	<0.01

Data were expressed as mean with standard deviation (mean ± SD). ^*p < 0.05 and ^**p < 0.01 compared with NC. ^#p < 0.05 and ^##p < 0.01 compared with MCI group. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NC, normal control.