| Mycetoma |
Madurella mycetomatis Trematosphaeria grisea, Falciformispora senegalensis, Phialophora, Scedosporium, Fusarium species, Aspergillus nidulans, Sarocladium, (Acremonium) |
Chronic infection of skin, subcutaneous tissue and bone. Nodule forms an abscess and drains to the surface via sinus, discharge contains grains. Deformity and disability considerable. Important to distinguish bacteria from fungal cause |
Presence of a grain surrounded by an inflammatory reaction. Eumycetoma grains contain narrow hyphae—pigmented (dark grain) or hyaline (pale grain) |
| Sporotrichosis |
Sporothrix schenckii, S. brasiliensis, S. mexicana, S. globose, S. luriei
|
Cutaneous infection: initial nodule forms a granuloma or ulcer with satellite lesions at the edges, secondary nodules appear along course of draining lymphatics, commonly limbs |
Oval to elongated (cigar shaped) yeasts with budding from a narrow base, asteroid bodies |
| Chromoblastomycosis |
Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compacta, Cladophialophora carrionii, Phialophora verrucosa
|
Chronic, slow growing warty nodule to plaque, autoinoculation results in satellite lesions. Elephantitis |
Epidermal hyperplasia, granulomatous response, transepidermal elimination of debris, presence of round thick walled fungal cells (muriform bodies) |
| Phaeohyphomycosis |
Exophiala jeanselmei, E. dermatitidis, E. spinifera, Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, Phialophora verrucosa, Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris species, Scedosporium species, Lomentospora prolificans, Curvularia lunata
|
Subcutaneous cysts, abscess, verrucous plaque. Immune suppression and transplant are risk factors |
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrate, presence of septate pigmented hyphae or hyphal fragments |
| Some species can cause systemic infections |
| Hyalohyphomycosis |
Aspergillus species |
Varied: verrucous, erythematous macules, papules and indurated nodules, ulceration |
Inflammation, granulomatous reactions, narrow, regularly septate hyphae |
|
Fusarium species |
Some species can cause systemic infections |
|
Scedosporium species |
|
Acremonium species |
|
Paecilomyces/Purpureocilllium species |
| Mucormycosis |
Rhizopus species |
Necrosis, ulceration, swelling, inflammation, rapid progression |
Wide, thin walled, pauciseptate hyphae, Branching may be at right angles. Hyphae may appear distorted. Little inflammation surrounding hyphae |
|
Lichtheimia corymbifera
|
|
Rhizomucor species |
|
Mucor species |
| Entomophthoromycosis |
Basidiobolus ranarum Conidiobolus coronatus
|
Slowly progressing subcutaneous swelling: Conidiobolus mainly affects the face and nasal passages |
Wide, thin walled, pauciseptate hyphae, Branching may be at right angles. Hyphae may appear distorted. Surrounded by granulomatous inflammatory reaction |
|
Basidiobolus mainly affects limbs |
| Lobomycosis |
Lacazia loboi
|
Papule slowly progresses to form nodules or plaques with keloid like appearance. Older lesions can be crusted |
Oval yeast-like cells connected in short chains by a tubular structure |
