Table 1.
Metabolic processes in HEU and HEI cohorts compared to HUU controls.
| Metabolite/organelle | HEU children | HEI children | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | -HOMA-IR comparable to HUU - paucity of data on fasting blood glucose |
-HOMA-IR > 2.5 indicating insulin resistance -impaired fasting blood glucose (>100mg/dL) |
(38–43) |
| Amino-acid | -Increased acyl-carnitine profile | -Reduced serum carnitine levels | (44–48) |
| - correlation of branched amino acids with insulin resistance | - paucity of data | ||
| -increased methionine-sulfone significant in HEU with long-term ART exposure | -paucity of data | ||
| Lipid | -Increased plasma concentration of triglycerides | -Increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides | (44, 45, 49, 50) |
| -Increased saturated lysophospholipids and decreased unsaturated lysophospholipids | - paucity of data | ||
| -increased sphingolipids and ceramide | -paucity of data | ||
| Mitochondria | -Mitochondrial morphological damage and reduced mtDNA levels | -Reduced mtDNA levels | (9, 51–54) |
| - Reduced OXPHOS protein levels and enzyme activity | - Reduced OXPHOS complex I and IV protein levels and activity | (51, 55, 56) |
HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; mtDNA, mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; HUU, HIV-unexposed uninfected; HEU, HIV-exposed uninfected; HEI, HIV-exposed infected.