Table 2.
Quality assessment and Risk of Bias evaluation.
| Criteria | de Farias, 2003 | Shahrabi M, 2008 | Bagherian A, 2008 | Shifa S et al., 2008 | Sharif AA, 2010 | Martínez-Pabón MC, 2010 | Bhalla S, 2010 | Bagherian A, 2012 | Kaur A,2012 | Jolly LR et al., 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection (Maximum 5 stars) 1. Representativeness of the Sample |
||||||||||
| a.Truly representative of the average in the target population. * (all subjects or random sampling) | ||||||||||
| b.Somewhat representative of the average in the target group. * (non-random sampling) | ||||||||||
| c.Selected group of users/convenience sample | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| d.No description of sample strategy | ||||||||||
| 2.Sample size: | ||||||||||
| a.Justified and satisfactory * (including sample size calculation). | ||||||||||
| b.Not justified. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 3.Non-respondents: | ||||||||||
| Comparability between respondents and non-respondents characteristics is established, and the response rate is satisfactory. | ||||||||||
| a.The response rate is unsatisfactory, or the comparability between respondents and non-respondents is unsatisfactory. | ||||||||||
| b.No description of the response rate or the characteristics of the responders and the non-responders | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 4.Ascertainment of the exposure (risk factor) | ||||||||||
| a.Validated measurement tool** | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| b.Non-validated measurement tool, but the tool is available or described* | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| c.No description of the measurement tool | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5.Comparability: (Maximum 2 stars) The subjects in different outcome groups are comparable, based on the study design or analysis. Confounding factors are controlled. |
||||||||||
| a.The study controls for the most important factor * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| b.The study control for any additional factor* | * | * | ||||||||
| 6.Outcome: (Maximum 3 stars) Assessment of outcome: |
||||||||||
| a.Independent blind assessment** | ||||||||||
| b.Unblinded assessment ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
| c.Self-report* | ||||||||||
| d.No description | ||||||||||
| 7.Statistical test: | ||||||||||
| a.Statistical test used to analyse the data clearly described, appropriate and measures of association presented including confidence intervals and probability level (p value).* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| b.Statistical test not appropriate, not described or incomplete. |
| Criteria | Jayaraj D, 2015 | Muchandi S, 2015 | Jurczak A, 2015 | Lertsirivorakul J et al., 2015 | Colombo NH et al., 2016 | Colombo NH et al., 2016 | Makawi Y,2017 | Villavicencio J, 2018 | Jayakaran TG, 2020 | Bachtiar EW, 2018 | Abbas MJ, 2020 | Aruna S, 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection (Maximum 5 stars) 1. Representativeness of the Sample |
||||||||||||
| a.Truly representative of the average in the target population. * (all subjects or random sampling) | NA | |||||||||||
| b.Somewhat representative of the average in the target group. * (non-random sampling) | NA | |||||||||||
| c.Selected group of users/convenience sample | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA |
| d.No description of sample strategy | NA | |||||||||||
| 2.Sample size: | ||||||||||||
| a.Justified and satisfactory * (including sample size calculation). | * | * | * | * | NA | |||||||
| b.Not justified. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ||||
| 3.Non-respondents: | ||||||||||||
| a.Comparability between respondents and non-respondents characteristics is established, and the response rate is satisfactory. | * | * | ||||||||||
| b.The response rate is unsatisfactory, or the comparability between respondents and non-respondents is unsatisfactory. | ||||||||||||
| c.No description of the response rate or the characteristics of the responders and the non-responders | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 4.Ascertainment of the exposure (risk factor) | ||||||||||||
| a.Validated measurement tool** | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| b.Non-validated measurement tool, but the tool is available or described.* | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| c.No description of the measurement tool | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5.Comparability: (Maximum 2 stars) The subjects in different outcome groups are comparable, based on the study design or analysis. Confounding factors are controlled. |
||||||||||||
| a.The study controls for the most important factor * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| b.The study control for any additional factor* | * | * | * | * | ||||||||
| 6.Outcome: (Maximum 3 stars) Assessment of outcome: |
||||||||||||
| a.Independent blind assessment** | ||||||||||||
| b.Unblinded assessment ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
| c.Self report* | ||||||||||||
| d.No description | ||||||||||||
| 7.Statistical test: | ||||||||||||
| a.Statistical test used to analyse the data clearly described, appropriate and measures of association presented including confidence intervals and probability level (p value).* | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| b.Statistical test not appropriate, not described or incomplete. |
NA – Not applicable.
✓- Tick mark is given where stars cannot be given.