Table 1.
Samples analysed in the study
| Order | Family | Species | No. of testing partners | positive/sampled individuals | Observed prevalence (IC 95%) a | Minimum detectable prevalence (IC 97.5%) b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artiodactyla | Bovidae (Capra ibex, Ovis musimon, Rupicapra rupicapra), Cervidae (Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus, D. dama), Suidae (S. scrofa) | 8 | 5/839 | 0.6 (0.19–1.39) | ||
| Bovidae | 3 | 0/55 | – | |||
| Cervidae | 7 | 5/525 | 0.95 (0.31–2.21) | |||
| C. capreolus | 6 | 5/354 | 1.41 (0.46–3.27) | 0.83 (0–1.04) | ||
| C. elaphus | 3 | 0/103 | – | 2.85 (0–3.52) | ||
| Dama dama | 4 | 0/68 | – | 4.3 (0–5.28) | ||
| Suidae | Sus scrofa | 7 | 0/259 | – | 1.14 (0–1.41) | |
| Carnivora | Canidae (C. lupus, Vulpes vulpes), Felidae (Felis silvestris), Mustelidae (Lutra lutra, M. foina, Martes martes − 1 positive/27 tested-, Mustela nivalis), Procyonidae (Procyon lotor), Ursidae (Ursus arctos − 1 positive/5 tested) | 8 | 21/1374 | 1.53 (0.95–2.33) | ||
| Canidae | 8 | 15/791 | 1.9 (1.07–3.11) | |||
| Canis lupus | 4 | 7/199 | 3.52 (1.43–7.11) | 1.48 (0–1.84) | ||
| V. vulpes | 8 | 8/592 | 1.35 (0.59–2.65) | 0.49 (0–0.62) | ||
| Mustelidae | 6 | 5/566 | 0.88 (0.29–2.05) | |||
| Martes foina | 6 | 0/182 | – | 1.62 (0–2.00) | ||
| Meles meles | 6 | 4/350 | any CoV 1.14 (0.31–2.9) meleCoV/αCoV1 0.57 (0.07–2.4) |
0.84 (0–1.05) | ||
| Chiroptera | Miniopteridae (Miniopterus schreibersii); Molossidae (Tadarida teniotis); Rhinolophidae (Rhinolophus hipposideros); Vespertilionidae (Eptesicus serotinus, Hypsugo savii, Myotis crypticus − 1 positive/2 tested-, Myotis daubentonii; Myotis mystacinus, Nyctalus leisleri, Pipistrellus sp., P. kuhlii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus − 3 positive /4 tested- Pipistrellus pygmaeus; Plecotus auritus − 1 positive/2 tested-, Vespertilio murinus); non identified bats −3 positive/56 tested- | 8 | 16/516 | 3.10 (1.78–4.99) | ||
| Molossidae | T. teniotis | 2 | 0/93 | – | 3.16 (0–3.89) | |
| Vespertilionidae | 7 | 16/422 | 3.79 (2.18–6.08) | |||
| H. savii | 5 | 5/146 | 3.42 (1.12–7.81) | 2.02 (0–2.5) | ||
| Pipistrellus kuhlii | 4 | 3/191 | any CoV 1.57 (0.33–4.52) Nc bat αcov 1.05 (0.13–3.73) MERS-like CoV 0.52 (0.01–2.88) |
1.54 (0–1.91) | ||
| Eulipotyphla | Erinaceidae | Erinaceus europaeus | 6 | 43/373 | 11.53 (8.47–15.21) | 0.79 (0–0.98) |
| Lagomorpha | Leporidae (Lepus europaeus; Sylvilagus floridanus) | 4 | 0/55 | – | ||
| Rodentia | Hystricidae (H. cristata); Myocastoridae (Myocastor coypus); Muridae (Mus sp., Mus musculus, Rattus sp., Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus); Sciuridae (Marmota marmota, Sciurus vulgaris); Ghiridae (Glis glis); | 1 | 1/154 | 0.65 (0.02–3.56) | ||
| Hystricidae | Hystrix cristata | 4 | 1/61 | 1.64 (0.04–8.8) | 4.78 (0–8.7) | |
| Total | 9 | 87/3311 | ||||
a
The observed prevalence has been calculated only in case of viral detection within the order, the family and for species tested at a minimum sample size of 59 individuals.
b
The minimum detectable prevalence has been calculated for all the species reaching the minimum sample size of 59 individuals regardless of the detection of CoVs, and is intended as the exclusion of any CoV species circulating at higher prevalence values upon all negative samples. In particular, this value has been used to estimate the level of circulation for the pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2.