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. 2023 Jun 7;14:1065609. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1065609

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Copyright © 2023 Collett, Earnest, Carrera Montoya, Edeling, Yap, Wong, Christiansen, Roberts, Mumford, Lecouturier, Pavot, Marco, Loi, Simmons, Gulab, Mackenzie, Elbourne, Ramsland, Cameron, Hans, Godfrey and Torresi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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B cell and antibody responses following VLP vaccination with α-GalCer self-adjuvanted DEN and HCV VLPs compared with VLPs adjuvanted with Alum. (A) B cell numbers after intra-muscular (IM) vs. subcutaneous (SC) delivery, and (B) end-point antibody titres after a single booster dose of α-GalCer-DEN-3 VLP. (C) End-point antibody titres after vaccination with self-adjuvanted, as compared to non-adjuvanted, HCV VLPs. B cell numbers were determined by ELISpot assay and antibody titers were determined by ELISA. ELISA plates were coated with VLP alone at 20 μg/mL. Endpoint titres were determined by establishing cutoff values from pre-inoculation samples. One-way ANOVA tests were used to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05, * < 0.05, ** < 0.005, *** < 0.0005, **** < 0.0001).