. 2013 Jan 30;17(3):657–666. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013000049

Table 4.

Energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes of breakfast consumption and comparisons with the recommended daily allowances (RDA) before and after the intervention according to study group: female students (n 100) attending two middle schools in average-income areas of Qom, Iran, April–June 2011

	Experimental group								Control group
	Before intervention				After intervention				Before intervention				After intervention
			% of RDA				% of RDA				% of RDA				% of RDA
Nutrient	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd
Energy (kJ)	1122	732	12·94	8·45	1579*^,†	856	18·22*^,†	9·87	1085	713	12·51	8·22	1160	825	13·38	9·51
Total protein (g)	8·02	5·61	23·61	16·50	9·76*^,†	6·04	28·71*^,†	17·76	7·97	5·54	23·44	16·31	7·82	5·88	23	17·31
Carbohydrate (g)	37·08	23·16	28·51	17·81	39·96	20·22	30·73	15·55	36·02	21·73	27·70	16·71	36·48	22·73	28·05	17·48
Dietary fibre (g)	3·48	2·73	13·38	10·52	5·56*^,†	4·46	21·38*^,†	17·15	3·02	2·26	11·63	8·70	3·60†	2·81	13·87†	10·81
Cholesterol (mg)	21·08	14·71			22·93	14·64			20·68	15·38			21·25	15·80
Vitamin A – total (μg)	64·02	46·35	10·67	7·72	100·14*^,†	66·29	16·69*^,†	11·04	72·77	55·25	12·12	9·20	71·83	55·59	11·97	9·43
Thiamin (mg)	0·24	0·14	26·90	16·52	0·28*^,†	0·14	31·89*^,†	16·43	0·24	0·15	26·70	17·74	0·24	0·16	26·68	18·63
Riboflavin (mg)	0·27	0·16	36·03	23·88	0·32†	0·15	36·08	17·63	0·26	0·17	35·78	25·01	0·29	0·19	32·96	21·43
Niacin (mg)	2·18	1·44	18·17	12·00	3·11*^,†	1·81	25·96*^,†	15·10	2·04	1·52	17·06	12·66	2·08	1·46	17·36	12·18
Vitamin B₆ (mg)	0·11	0·08	11·44	8·37	0·16*^,†	0·11	16·38*^,†	11·78	0·11	0·08	11·54	8·81	0·12	0·07	12·05	7·48
Vitamin B₁₂ (μg)	0·31	0·20	17·31	11·54	0·34	0·22	19·06	12·57	0·32	0·24	17·94	13·73	0·33	0·23	18·46	13·25
Folic acid (μg)	34·53	23·89	11·51	7·96	51·55*^,†	30·93	17·18*^,†	10·31	32·00	23·34	10·66	7·78	33·69	23·86	11·23	7·95
Pantothenic acid (μg)	0·55	0·43	13·85	10·96	0·81*^,†	0·52	20·45*^,†	13·22	0·55	0·48	13·83	12·08	0·47	0·40	11·83	10·21
Vitamin C (mg)	2·04	1·74	4·54	3·88	2·71*^,†	2·10	6·02*^,†	4·00	1·84	1·52	4·10	3·39	2·10	1·59	4·68	3·53
Vitamin E (mg)	0·72	0·47	6·56	4·35	1·28*^,†	0·81	11·65*^,†	7·38	0·73	0·52	6·66	4·79	0·83	0·66	7·57	6·01
Ca (mg)	130·52	94·44	10·03	7·26	153·49*^,†	89·88	11·80*^,†	6·91	131·38	98·26	10·10	7·55	128·58	95·37	9·89	7·33
Cu (mg)	0·21	0·13	31·13	19·65	0·25†	0·15	35·80†	21·50	0·21	0·14	30·19	20·70	0·24†	0·16	34·79†	24·12
Fe (mg)	1·82	1·11	22·77	13·93	2·23*^,†	1·27	27·95*^,†	15·93	1·81	1·21	22·64	15·16	1·74	1·37	21·78	17·15
Mg (mg)	45·68	30·02	19·03	12·51	55·70†	38·58	23·21†	16·07	42·17	30·59	17·57	12·74	44·28	32·46	18·45	13·52
P (mg)	160·72	112·91	12·85	9·03	204·12*^,†	129·29	16·32*^,†	10·34	165·59	114·32	13·24	9·14	169·91	122·17	13·59	9·77
K (mg)	180·37	128·70	4·00	2·86	204·81*^,†	134·42	4·55*^,†	2·98	180·96	138·17	4·02	3·07	176·44	147·46	3·92	3·27
Se (μg)	18·12	11·83	45·32	29·57	19·62	12·02	49·05	30·05	19·29	12·51	48·23	31·28	19·98	12·84	49·95	32·11
Zn (mg)	1·38	0·86	17·32	10·86	1·85*^,†	0·97	23·18*^,†	12·20	1·36	0·90	17·11	11·37	1·38	0·98	17·09	12·29

Mean values were significantly different from those of the control group (independent-samples t test): *P < 0·05.

Mean values were significantly different from those before the intervention (paired-samples t test): †P < 0·05.