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. 2014 Feb 25;17(12):2674–2686. doi: 10.1017/S1368980014000111

Table 3.

Demographic and lifestyle characteristics by class group at baseline and follow-up; men and women aged 50–69 years at baseline in 1998 and at 10-year follow up in 2008, Cork and Kerry Diabetes and Heart Disease Study, Republic of Ireland

Baseline Follow-up
Western (n 125) Healthy (n 135) Low-Energy (n 43) Western (n 125) Healthy (n 135) Low-Energy (n 43)
% or Mean n or sd % or Mean n or sd % or Mean n or sd P value % or Mean n or sd % or Mean n or sd % or Mean n or sd P value
Sex
Male 61·6 77 33·6 45 53·5 23 <0·001 61·3 76 34·1 44 53·3 23 <0·01
Female 28·4 48 66·4 89 40·5 20 38·7 48 65·9 85 46·5 20
Age (years) 58·1 5·5 58·7 5·4 58·1 4·3 0·68 69·5 5·6 68·4 5·1 70·1 5·3 0·07
Marital status
Single 10·5 13 4·4 6 16·3 7 0·03 9·7 7 4·6 8 16·7 9 0·007
Married 83·9 104 82·2 111 72·1 31 77·8 56 74·9 131 55·6 30
Separated/divorced/other 5·6 7 13·3 18 11·6 5 12·5 9 20·6 36 27·8 15
Education
Primary 24·8 31 21·5 29 25·6 11 0·53 40·8 29 24·6 42 31·5 17 0·003
Secondary 44·8 56 40·7 55 32·6 14 42·2 30 40·4 69 53·7 29
Tertiary 30·4 38 37·8 51 41·9 18 16·9 12 35·1 60 14·8 8
Car ownership
Yes 93·6 117 89·6 120 81·4 35 0·06 88·9 64 91·4 160 88·9 48 0·76
No 6·4 8 10·4 14 18·6 8 11·1 8 8·6 15 11·1 6
Smoking status
Never smoker 48·4 60 52·6 70 53·7 22 0·16 47·2 34 53·8 92 51·9 28 0·29
Ex smoker 30·6 38 37·6 50 31·7 13 44·4 32 38·0 65 31·5 17
Current smoker 21·0 26 9·8 13 14·6 6 8·3 6 8·2 14 16·7 9
Alcohol status
Never 28·1 34 26·9 36 38·5 15 0·06 60·3 38 57·2 87 60·8 31 0·52
Occasional/light 54·6 66 54·5 73 30·8 12 23·8 15 33·6 51 25·5 13
Moderate/heavy 15·7 19 11·9 10 23·1 9 11·1 7 7·9 12 11·8 6
Ex drinker 1·6 2 6·7 9 7·7 3 4·8 3 1·3 2 2·0 1
Physical activity
Low 43·6 48 31·7 38 30·0 12 0·33 38·6 17 32·4 24 28·6 8 0·08
Medium 42·7 47 50·8 61 55·0 22 38·6 17 24·3 18 46·4 13
High 13·6 15 17·5 21 15·0 6 22·7 10 43·2 32 25·0 7
Self-rated health
Excellent 20·7 25 17·4 23 33·3 14 0·02 4·2 3 13·9 24 7·3 4 0·18
Very good 31·9 23 34·1 59 27·3 15
Good 56·2 68 69·7 92 57·1 24 48·6 35 39·3 68 54·6 30
Fair/poor 23·1 28 12·9 17 9·5 4 15·3 11 12·7 22 10·9 6
Blood pressure
SBP (mmHg) 137·1 18·5 135·2 22·3 132·9 19·9 0·10 143·4 18·9 147·3 18·3 146·2 15·6 0·31
Hypertension 41·6 52 37·0 50 34·9 15 0·65 53·5 38 70·2 120 70·4 38 0·035
Measures of diabetes
Fasting glucose (mmol/l) 5·0 0·8 4·9 0·6 5·2 1·6 0·14 5·2 0·9 5·3 0·9 5·6 1·2 0·14
Insulin (IU/l) 10·2 6·5 9·4 5·8 10·3 5·5 0·57 11·5 8·0 11·1 6·7 10·1 7·5 0·55
HOMA-IR 2·4 2·0 2·1 1·5 2·5 1·6 0·33 2·8 2·2 2·6 1·6 2·6 2·4 0·69
HOMA-IR >4·65 8·77 10 5·2 6 13·9 5 0·21 14·0 8 8·8 12 13·0 6 0·50
Diabetes status based on HbA1c >6·5% 3·2 4 1·5 2 6·9 3 0·18 45·7 16 40·2 37 32·0 8 0·56
Measures of obesity
Central obesity based on WHR 92·8 116 85·2 115 97·6 41 0·03 83·1 59 79·4 139 80·0 44 0·80
BMI (kg/m2) 27·5 3·4 27·6 4·3 28·4 5·0 0·43 29·7 7·8 28·3 4·1 28·7 5·8 0·19
Overweight/obese 81·5 99 72·9 97 71·4 30 0·23 83·3 60 79·4 139 83·6 46 0·68
Lipid levels
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) 5·8 0·9 5·9 0·9 5·6 0·7 0·11 1·2 0·5 1·4 0·9 1·3 0·9 0·23
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) 1·5 0·4 1·6 0·4 1·4 0·4 0·003 5·1 1·0 5·4 1·1 5·2 0·1 0·08
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) 3·6 0·9 3·6 0·8 3·5 0·7 0·57 1·5 0·4 1·6 0·4 1·5 0·4 0·40
TAG (mmol/l) 1·5 0·9 1·5 0·9 1·4 0·5 0·76 3·0 0·8 3·2 0·9 3·1 0·9 0·47
Homocysteine (units) 11·1 5·5 10·2 3·8 11·0 4·7 0·38 12·8 5·1 11·1 2·8 12·0 3·4 0·004

SBP, systolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity; HbA1c, glycated Hb; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.

Data are presented as % and n for categorical variables or as mean and sd for continuous variables.