Table 6.
Univariate analysis of CVD factors at baseline as predictors of diet transitions/diet stability at follow-up; men and women aged 50–69 years at baseline in 1998 and at 10-year follow up in 2008, Cork and Kerry Diabetes and Heart Disease Study, Republic of Ireland
| Stable Western | Stable Healthy | Transition to healthy diet* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n 68) | (n 100) | (n 76) | |||||
| Covariates at baseline | % or Mean | n or sd | % or Mean | n or sd | % or Mean | n or sd | P value |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 64·7 | 44 | 31·3 | 31 | 50·0 | 38 | <0·001 |
| Female | 35·3 | 24 | 68·7 | 68 | 50·0 | 38 | |
| Age (years) | 58·7 | 5·2 | 58·3 | 5·2 | 57·1 | 5·0 | 0·17 |
| Education | |||||||
| Primary | 33·8 | 38 | 21·0 | 21 | 14·5 | 11 | 0·06 |
| Secondary | 39·7 | 27 | 42·0 | 42 | 42·1 | 32 | |
| Tertiary | 26·5 | 18 | 37·0 | 37 | 43·4 | 33 | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 16·2 | 11 | 4·0 | 4 | 7·9 | 6 | 0·08 |
| Married | 77·9 | 53 | 86·0 | 86 | 82·9 | 63 | |
| Separated/divorced/other | 5·9 | 4 | 10·0 | 10 | 9·2 | 7 | |
| Car ownership | |||||||
| Yes | 88·2 | 60 | 89·9 | 89 | 93·4 | 71 | 0·55 |
| No | 11·8 | 8 | 10·1 | 10 | 6·6 | 3 | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never smoker | 50·8 | 34 | 53·1 | 52 | 54·7 | 41 | 0·05 |
| Ex smoker | 32·8 | 22 | 38·8 | 38 | 22·7 | 17 | |
| Current smoker | 16·4 | 11 | 8·2 | 8 | 22·7 | 17 | |
| Alcohol status | |||||||
| Never | 38·2 | 26 | 25·3 | 25 | 30·0 | 21 | 0·29 |
| Occasional/light | 42·6 | 29 | 56·6 | 56 | 48·6 | 34 | |
| Moderate/heavy | 13·2 | 9 | 13·1 | 13 | 20·0 | 14 | |
| Ex drinker | 5·9 | 4 | 5·1 | 5 | 1·4 | 1 | |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| Low | 438·4 | 28 | 33·3 | 30 | 38·4 | 28 | 0·57 |
| Medium | 48·3 | 28 | 47·8 | 43 | 42·5 | 31 | |
| High | 10·3 | 6 | 18·9 | 17 | 19·2 | 14 | |
| Self-rated health | |||||||
| Excellent | 26·2 | 17 | 18·4 | 18 | 20·0 | 15 | 0·13 |
| Good | 47·7 | 31 | 67·4 | 66 | 64·0 | 48 | |
| Fair/poor | 26·2 | 17 | 14·3 | 14 | 16·0 | 12 | |
| Blood pressure | |||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 134·6 | 17·9 | 135·8 | 23·4 | 136·9 | 19·8 | 0·79 |
| Hypertension | 36·8 | 25 | 36·0 | 36 | 42·1 | 32 | 0·68 |
| Measures of diabetes | |||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5·0 | 1·3 | 4·9 | 0·6 | 4·9 | 0·7 | 0·77 |
| Insulin (IU/l) | 9·6 | 5·6 | 8·7 | 4·1 | 9·3 | 5·1 | 0·52 |
| HOMA-IR | 2·2 | 1·5 | 1·9 | 1·1 | 2·1 | 1·4 | 0·42 |
| HOMA-IR >4·65 | 10·0 | 6 | 2·4 | 2 | 4·4 | 3 | 0·12 |
| Diabetes status (inc. prediabetes) based on HbA1c >6·0 % | 1·5 | 1 | 2·04 | 2 | 3·95 | 3 | 0·59 |
| Measures of obesity | |||||||
| Central obesity based on WHR | 95·6 | 65 | 83·0 | 83 | 93·3 | 70 | 0·01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27·1 | 4·2 | 27·2 | 4·0 | 27·8 | 3·4 | 0·51 |
| Overweight/obese | 72·7 | 48 | 70·0 | 70 | 81·6 | 62 | 0·20 |
| Lipid levels | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5·5 | 0·8 | 6·0 | 1·0 | 6·0 | 1·0 | 0·003 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1·5 | 0·4 | 1·7 | 0·4 | 1·5 | 0·3 | 0·007 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3·4 | 0·7 | 3·7 | 0·9 | 3·8 | 0·9 | 0·02 |
| TAG (mmol/l) | 1·4 | 0·8 | 1·5 | 1·1 | 1·5 | 0·8 | 0·58 |
| Homocysteine (units) | 11·8 | 7·3 | 9·9 | 3·8 | 10·4 | 3·5 | 0·08 |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity; HbA1c, glycated Hb; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
Data are presented as % and n for categorical variables or as mean and sd for continuous variables.
*Relates to participants who moved from either the Western or Low-Energy class to the Healthy class.