Table 2.
Weighted dietary nutrient and energy intakes in comparison with the D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intake, stratified by age group, of 731 European boys aged 12·5–17·5 years from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescents (HELENA) Study
| Age (years)† | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 to <13 (n 48) | 13 to <15 (n 365) | 15 to <19 (n 318) | |||||||||||||
| Intake | % intake of ref. value§ | Intake | % intake of ref. value§ | Intake | % intake of ref. value§ | ||||||||||
| Nutrient | Median | P25, P75 | Ref. value‡ | Median | P25, P75 | Median | P25, P75 | Ref. value‡ | Median | P25, P75 | Median | P25, P75 | Ref. value‡ | Median | P25, P75 |
| Protein (g/kg) | 2·1 | 1·6, 2·4 | 0·9 | 228 | 177, 264 | 1·8 | 1·5, 2·2 | 0·9 | 205 | 166, 248 | 1·7 | 1·3, 1·9 | 0·9 | 185 | 149, 217 |
| Fat (%E) | 33·4 | 29·6, 37·0 | 30 | 111 | 99, 123 | 33·6 | 30·3, 36·6 | 30 | 112 | 101, 122 | 34·3 | 31·3, 37·9 | 30 | 114 | 104, 126 |
| SFA (%E) | 14·0 | 11·3, 15·4 | <10 | 140 | 113, 154 | 14·1 | 12·5, 15·7 | <10 | 141 | 125, 157 | 14·4 | 12·6, 15·9 | <10 | 144 | 126, 159 |
| MUFA (%E) | 12·5 | 11·0, 13·9 | 10 | 125 | 110, 139 | 12·2 | 10·9, 13·7 | 10 | 122 | 109, 137 | 12·6 | 11·2, 14·0 | 10 | 126 | 112, 140 |
| PUFA (%E) | 4·2 | 3·8, 5·2 | 10 | 61 | 54, 75 | 4·2 | 3·7, 4·9 | 10 | 59 | 52, 70 | 4·5 | 3·8, 5·5 | 10 | 65 | 55, 79 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 352 | 284, 448 | 300 | 117 | 95, 149 | 380 | 310, 457 | 300 | 127 | 103, 152 | 412 | 337, 490 | 300 | 137 | 112, 163 |
| Carbohydrates (%E) | 49·0 | 44·5, 54·9 | >50 | 98 | 89, 110 | 49·8 | 45·8, 53·5 | >50 | 100 | 92, 107 | 48·9 | 45·5, 53·2 | >50 | 98 | 91, 106 |
| Fibre (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) | 7·9 | 6·7, 9·1 | 10 | 80 | 70, 93 | 7·9 | 6·7, 9·0 | 10 | 80 | 68, 91 | 7·3 | 6·5, 8·6 | 10 | 75 | 66, 88 |
| Vitamin A (mg) | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·2 | 0·9 | 100 | 80, 132 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·3 | 1·1 | 92 | 74, 116 | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 | 1·1 | 101 | 78, 120 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 1·8 | 1·3, 2·3 | 5 | 36 | 27, 46 | 2·0 | 1·5, 2·6 | 5 | 40 | 31, 52 | 2·1 | 1·6, 2·8 | 5 | 42 | 31, 56 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 9·1 | 7·7, 11·1 | 13 | 70 | 59, 85 | 9·5 | 8·1, 11·4 | 14 | 68 | 58, 82 | 11·3 | 9·5, 13·4 | 15 | 76 | 63, 90 |
| Vitamin K (μg) | 223 | 175, 289 | 40 | 557 | 437, 723 | 226 | 189, 281 | 50 | 453 | 378, 562 | 247 | 203, 306 | 70 | 353 | 290, 437 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1·3 | 1·2, 1·5 | 1·2 | 111 | 97, 128 | 1·3 | 1·1, 1·6 | 1·4 | 96 | 81, 114 | 1·5 | 1·2, 1·8 | 1·3 | 115 | 95, 135 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1·7 | 1·3, 2·0 | 1·4 | 124 | 94, 142 | 1·8 | 1·5, 2·1 | 1·6 | 111 | 92, 132 | 1·7 | 1·4, 2·1 | 1·5 | 114 | 96, 140 |
| Niacin (mg) | 15·9 | 13·5, 19·4 | 15 | 106 | 90, 129 | 15·9 | 13·0, 19·4 | 18 | 88 | 72, 108 | 17·0 | 14·1, 20·0 | 17 | 100 | 83, 118 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1·7 | 1·5, 2·1 | 1·0 | 173 | 145, 211 | 1·8 | 1·5, 2·2 | 1·4 | 130 | 107, 155 | 1·9 | 1·6, 2·3 | 1·6 | 118 | 99, 142 |
| Folate (μg) | 202 | 175, 249 | 400 | 50 | 44, 62 | 217 | 178, 258 | 400 | 54 | 45, 64 | 221 | 186, 271 | 400 | 55 | 46, 68 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 5·2 | 4·4, 6·2 | 6 | 104 | 87, 124 | 5·4 | 4·5, 6·3 | 6 | 89 | 75, 105 | 5·4 | 4·5, 6·4 | 6 | 90 | 75, 106 |
| Biotin (μg) | 45·4 | 34·1, 49·8 | 20 | 227 | 170, 249 | 46·3 | 38·8, 54·7 | 25 | 185 | 155, 219 | 47·2 | 38·8, 54·9 | 30 | 158 | 129, 183 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 6·6 | 4·6, 8·1 | 2·0 | 328 | 231, 407 | 6·3 | 5·0, 7·6 | 3·0 | 211 | 165, 255 | 6·2 | 4·9, 7·6 | 3·0 | 207 | 164, 254 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 90·6 | 51·3, 127·4 | 90 | 101 | 57, 142 | 90·4 | 61·4, 127·7 | 100 | 90 | 61, 128 | 90·1 | 64·4, 131·7 | 100 | 90 | 64, 132 |
| Na (mg)∥ | 2170 | 1943, 2741 | 510¶ | 425 | 381, 537 | 2540 | 2093, 3055 | 550¶ | 462 | 381, 556 | 2761 | 2332, 3284 | 550¶ | 502 | 424, 597 |
| Cl (mg)∥ | 3776 | 3340, 4426 | 770¶ | 490 | 434, 575 | 4313 | 3694, 5008 | 830¶ | 520 | 445, 603 | 4578 | 4016, 5216 | 830¶ | 551 | 484, 628 |
| K (mg)∥ | 2797 | 2257, 3111 | 1700¶ | 165 | 133, 183 | 2954 | 2515, 3501 | 1900¶ | 155 | 132, 184 | 3008 | 2532, 3584 | 2000¶ | 150 | 127, 179 |
| Ca (mg) | 859 | 695, 1046 | 1100 | 78 | 63, 95 | 937 | 662, 1229 | 1200 | 78 | 55, 102 | 857 | 561, 1130 | 1200 | 72 | 47, 94 |
| P (mg) | 1427 | 1219, 1618 | 1250 | 114 | 98, 129 | 1532 | 1301, 1784 | 1250 | 123 | 104, 143 | 1572 | 1320, 1815 | 1250 | 126 | 106, 145 |
| Mg (mg) | 315 | 279, 368 | 230 | 137 | 121, 160 | 349 | 298, 403 | 310 | 112 | 96, 130 | 361 | 309, 424 | 400 | 90 | 77, 106 |
| Fe (mg) | 12·8 | 11·7, 14·9 | 12 | 107 | 97, 124 | 13·9 | 11·9, 16·1 | 12 | 116 | 99, 134 | 14·7 | 13·1, 17·0 | 10 | 123 | 109, 142 |
| Iodine (μg) | 97·7 | 82·8, 119·1 | 180 | 54 | 46, 66 | 108 | 89·8, 127·9 | 200 | 54 | 45, 64 | 109 | 91·7, 127·7 | 200 | 54 | 46, 64 |
| F (mg) | 0·6 | 0·5, 0·7 | 2·0 | 30 | 27, 36 | 0·7 | 0·6, 0·8 | 3·2 | 22 | 19, 25 | 0·8 | 0·7, 0·9 | 3·2 | 24 | 20, 28 |
| Zn (mg) | 12·1 | 11·3, 13·9 | 9·0 | 135 | 126, 154 | 13·1 | 11·4, 15·1 | 9·5 | 138 | 120, 159 | 13·9 | 12·0, 15·7 | 10·0 | 139 | 120, 157 |
| Cu (mg) | 1·9 | 1·7, 2·4 | 1·0 | 194 | 175, 240 | 2·2 | 1·9, 2·5 | 1·0 | 218 | 186, 253 | 2·3 | 2·0, 2·7 | 1·0 | 233 | 202, 267 |
| Energy (MJ) | 9·44 | 8·70, 10·64 | 8·45 | 111 | 103, 126 | 10·54 | 9·41, 1·93 | 9·96 | 106 | 95, 120 | 11·74 | 10·32, 13·15 | 11·42 | 109 | 96, 122 |
| Energy (kcal) | 2255 | 2080, 2544 | 2020 | 111 | 103, 126 | 2518 | 2249, 2852 | 2380 | 106 | 95, 120 | 2806 | 2465, 3144 | 2730 | 109 | 96, 122 |
P25, 25th percentile; P75, 75th percentile; %E, percentage of energy intake.
†Values are presented as median with P25 and P75.
‡D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intake of the German Nutrition Society, Austrian Nutrition Society, Swiss Society for Nutrition Research and Swiss Nutrition Association( 23 ).
§Median (P25, P75) of the respective percentages of each individual's intake compared with the D-A-CH reference values.
∥Discretionary salt intake was not included.
¶Estimated values for minimum intake.