Table 2.
Odds of depressive symptoms* according to consumption of green tea and coffee: men and women (n 537) aged 20–68 years from two workplaces in north-eastern Kyushu, Japan, 2009
| Green tea consumption category | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1 cup/d (n 269) | 2–3 cups/d (n 171) | ≥4 cups/d (n 97) | |||||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | P value† | |||||||
| Depressed subjects | n 89; 33·1 % | n 44; 25·7 % | n 24, 24·7 % | ||||||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | – | 0·62 | 0·40, 0·97 | 0·56 | 0·32, 0·97 | 0·02 | ||||||
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | – | 0·59 | 0·36, 0·94 | 0·49 | 0·27, 0·91 | 0·01 | ||||||
| Model 3∥ | 1·00 | – | 0·59 | 0·36, 0·95 | 0·49 | 0·27, 0·90 | 0·01 | ||||||
| Model 4¶ | 1·00 | – | 0·63 | 0·39, 1·02 | 0·54 | 0·29, 1·00 | 0·03 | ||||||
| Coffee consumption category | |||||||||||||
| <1 cup/d (n 207) | 1 cup/d (n 114) | ≥2 cups/d (n 216) | |||||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | P value† | |||||||
| Depressed subjects | n 70; 33·8 % | n 33; 28·9 % | n 54; 25·0 % | ||||||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | – | 0·79 | 0·48, 1·31 | 0·63 | 0·41, 0·98 | 0·04 | ||||||
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | – | 0·74 | 0·43, 1·28 | 0·60 | 0·37, 0·96 | 0·03 | ||||||
| Model 3∥ | 1·00 | – | 0·74 | 0·43, 1·27 | 0·60 | 0·37, 0·96 | 0·03 | ||||||
| Model 4¶ | 1·00 | – | 0·75 | 0·44, 1·30 | 0·61 | 0·38, 0·98 | 0·04 | ||||||
MET-h, metabolic equivalent hours; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of ≥16.
†P for linear trend obtained from multiple logistic regression analysis with ordinal numbers 1–3 assigned to each category of green tea or coffee consumption.
‡Model 1: Adjusted for age (continuous), sex and workplace (survey in July or in November 2009).
§Model 2: Adjusted for factors in model 1 and history of cancer, CVD, diabetes mellitus or chronic hepatitis (yes or no), marital status (married or unmarried), living status (alone or not alone), overtime work (none, <10 or ≥10 h/month), job position (low or middle and high), occupational physical activity (active or sedentary), non-occupational physical activity (<5 or ≥5 MET-h/week), current smoking (yes or no), alcohol drinking (yes or no), BMI (kg/m2, continuous), n-3 PUFA intake (% of energy, continuous), log-transformed red meat intake (g/d, continuous), log-transformed vegetable and fruit consumption (g/d, continuous) and coffee consumption (<1 cup/d, 1 cup/d or ≥2 cups/d; when calculating the OR for green tea consumption) or green tea consumption (≤1 cup/d, 2–3 cups/d or ≥4 cups/d; when calculating the OR for coffee consumption).
∥Model 3: Adjusted for factors in model 2 and log-transformed serum CRP concentrations (mg/l, continuous).
¶Model 4: Adjusted for factors in model 3 and log-transformed serum folate concentration (ng/ml, continuous).