Appendix.

Sensitivity analysis, Finnish results

	Baseline model		Income model		Expenditure only model		Energy model		65+ model
	β	se	β	se	β	se	β	se	β	se
Constant	123·200***	6·875	50·220***	6·996	75·310***	6·193	130·900***	6·910	112·900***	6·686
Log (total expenditure/CU)	−8·020***	0·673	–	–	−4·046***	0·637	−6·230***	0·743	−7·010***	0·667
Food share of expenditure	−5·290***	3·634	–	–	–	–	−40·800***	4·197	−46·400***	3·656
Log (income/CU)	–	–	−1·390*	0·714	–	–	–	–	–	–
Log (total energy per capita)	–	–	–	–	–	–	−3·490***	0·396	–	–
Household type (ref. Couple)
Male alone	−2·040**	0·832	0·292	0·866	−0·049	0·800	−1·520*	0·827	−0·570	1·184
Female alone	−1·390**	0·622	−0·120	0·659	−0·336	0·634	−0·950	0·617	−1·500*	0·782
Education (ref. Primary)
Secondary	0·785	0·636	0·625	0·664	0·827	0·658	0·829	0·627	0·328	0·626
Tertiary	1·785**	0·700	1·428*	0·747	2·289***	0·724	1·748**	0·692	1·609**	0·696
Social group (ref. Pensioner)
Entrepreneur	0·773	1·131	0·166	1·181	0·766	1·171	0·998	1·116	−0·230	1·085
White collar	1·164	0·918	1·192	0·969	1·465	0·950	0·972	0·905	−0·700	0·781
Blue collar	−1·110	1·034	−1·120	1·085	−1·041	1·072	−1·010	1·017	−3·040***	0·902
Other	−0·380	1·390	0·621	1·456	0·184	1·448	−0·050	1·377	−2·020	1·307
Age (ref. 50–54 or 65–69 years)
55–60 years	0·500	0·912	0·314	0·952	0·110	0·948	0·862	0·900	–	–
60–65 years	1·064	0·968	0·942	1·009	0·656	1·003	1·607*	0·956	–	–
65–70 years	1·499	1·129	1·955*	1·174	1·354	1·169	2·027*	1·114	–	–
70–75 years	1·711	1·191	1·953	1·236	1·243	1·233	2·398**	1·176	1·379*	0·793
75–80 years	3·251**	1·271	3·943***	1·315	2·934**	1·315	3·745***	1·254	3·086***	0·923
>80 years	1·827	1·307	3·766***	1·349	2·646*	1·351	2·802**	1·297	2·290**	1·008
Year (ref. 2007)	0·422	0·518	0·188	0·568	0·580	0·536	−0·190	0·516	0·097	0·512
Quarter (ref. Quarter 4)
Quarter 1	1·401**	0·686	1·658**	0·714	1·559**	0·710	1·628**	0·678	1·607**	0·683
Quarter 2	1·262*	0·659	0·906	0·687	0·999	0·681	1·512**	0·651	1·442**	0·655
Quarter 3	1·740**	0·678	1·781**	0·706	1·725**	0·701	2·274***	0·671	2·380***	0·674
Region (ref. South)
West	0·065	0·608	0·096	0·633	−0·181	0·642	0·130	0·601	0·080	0·605
East	1·225*	0·720	1·548**	0·748	1·066	0·744	1·232*	0·710	1·251*	0·715
North	1·916**	0·832	1·869**	0·867	1·599*	0·861	1·833**	0·820	1·933**	0·822
Aland	1·400	1·480	1·346	1·542	1·532	1·532	1·458	1·478	1·818	1·482
R 2	9·5 %		1·9 %				3·1 %						13·3 %								9·1 %

CU, consumption unit; ref., reference category.

***Statistically significant at 1% level; **statistically significant at 5% level; *statistically significant at 10% level.