Table 4.
Aged-adjusted weighted mean nutrient intakes by quartiles of income and education and mean nutrient intakes mutually adjusted among Brazilian men (n 9974) aged 20–59 years, 2008–2009 National Dietary Survey
| Income (n 9974) | Education (n 9893)† | Income adjusted for education (n 9893)† | Interaction between income and education | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES quartile* | Mean | P | Mean | P | Mean‡ | PIncome | PEducation | P | |
| Energy (kJ)§ | <0·01 | 0·02 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | ||||
| Q1 | 8379 | 8703 | – | ||||||
| Q2 | 8885 | 8754 | – | ||||||
| Q3 | 9115 | 9117 | – | ||||||
| Q4 | 9138 | 8942 | – | ||||||
| Diff** | 9 % | 3 % | – | ||||||
| Energy from saturated fat (%) | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·36 | ||||
| Q1 | 8·2 | 8·3 | 8·3 | ||||||
| Q2 | 8·9 | 9·0 | 9·0 | ||||||
| Q3 | 9·5 | 9·5 | 9·4 | ||||||
| Q4 | 10·0 | 10·2 | 9·7 | ||||||
| Diff** | 20 % | 21 % | 15 % | ||||||
| Dietary fibre (g/4184 kJ) | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·07 | ||||
| Q1 | 11·8 | 12·1 | 11·6 | ||||||
| Q2 | 11·4 | 11·1 | 11·3 | ||||||
| Q3 | 10·7 | 10·3 | 10·8 | ||||||
| Q4 | 9·9 | 9·8 | 10·4 | ||||||
| Diff** | −17 % | −21 % | −11 % | ||||||
| Ca (mg)|| | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·3 | 0·06 | <0·01 | ||||
| Q1 | 489 | 493 | – | ||||||
| Q2 | 503 | 511 | – | ||||||
| Q3 | 548 | 558 | – | ||||||
| Q4 | 622 | 652 | – | ||||||
| Diff** | 25 % | 30 % | – | ||||||
| P (mg)|| | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | ||||
| Q1 | 1080 | 1078 | – | ||||||
| Q2 | 1059 | 1062 | – | ||||||
| Q3 | 1079 | 1084 | – | ||||||
| Q4 | 1130 | 1157 | – | ||||||
| Diff** | 5 % | 7 % | – | ||||||
| Fe (mg)|| | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·02 | 0·97 | 0·01 | ||||
| Q1 | 13·1 | 13·7 | – | ||||||
| Q2 | 13·6 | 13·3 | – | ||||||
| Q3 | 13·4 | 12·9 | – | ||||||
| Q4 | 12·7 | 12·6 | – | ||||||
| Diff** | −3 % | −8 % | – | ||||||
| Zn (mg)|| | 0·9 | <0·01 | 0·03 | <0·01 | 0·59 | ||||
| Q1 | 12·6 | 13·0 | 12·5 | ||||||
| Q2 | 12·9 | 12·9 | 12·8 | ||||||
| Q3 | 12·9 | 12·5 | 12·9 | ||||||
| Q4 | 12·6 | 12·6 | 12·8 | ||||||
| Diff** | 0 | −3 % | 2 % | ||||||
| Thiamin (mg)|| | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·62 | ||||
| Q1 | 1·23 | 1·23 | 1·25 | ||||||
| Q2 | 1·27 | 1·27 | 1·27 | ||||||
| Q3 | 1·29 | 1·30 | 1·28 | ||||||
| Q4 | 1·34 | 1·38 | 1·31 | ||||||
| Diff** | 9 % | 12 % | 5 % | ||||||
| Vitamin B12 (μg)|| | 0·8 | 0·9 | 0·8 | 0·9 | 0·15 | ||||
| Q1 | 5·6 | 5·6 | 5·6 | ||||||
| Q2 | 5·4 | 5·3 | 5·4 | ||||||
| Q3 | 5·4 | 5·4 | 5·4 | ||||||
| Q4 | 5·6 | 5·6 | 5·6 | ||||||
| Diff** | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Vitamin A (μg)||,¶ | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·32 | ||||
| Q1 | 402 | 402 | 416 | ||||||
| Q2 | 430 | 423 | 435 | ||||||
| Q3 | 453 | 479 | 446 | ||||||
| Q4 | 519 | 532 | 487 | ||||||
| Diff** | 26 % | 29 % | 16 % | ||||||
| Vitamin C (mg)|| | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·9 | ||||
| Q1 | 138 | 135 | 147 | ||||||
| Q2 | 147 | 152 | 150 | ||||||
| Q3 | 172 | 176 | 169 | ||||||
| Q4 | 189 | 203 | 172 | ||||||
| Diff** | 32 % | 42 % | 16 % | ||||||
| Na (mg)|| | <0·01 | <0·01 | 0·2 | 0·06 | <0·01 | ||||
| Q1 | 3635 | 3651 | – | ||||||
| Q2 | 3649 | 3626 | – | ||||||
| Q3 | 3621 | 3581 | – | ||||||
| Q4 | 3480 | 3472 | – | ||||||
| Diff** | −4 % | −5 % | – | ||||||
SES, socio-economic status
*SES variable quartiles as follows. Income quartiles (monthly household per capita): Q1 = ≤$US 120·70; Q2 = >$US 120·70–227·30; Q3 = >$US 227·30–440·90; Q4 = >$US 440·90. Education quartiles (years of education): Q1 = ≤4 years; Q2 = 5–8 years; Q3 = 9–11 years; Q4 = >11 years.
†Eighty-one men were excluded because they had no information about education.
‡Mean nutrient intake by income and education quartiles is shown in Fig. 1 for interaction term P < 0·05.
§1 kJ = 0·239 kcal.
||Further adjusted for energy intake as a continuous variable by a linear model.
¶Calculated as retinol activity equivalents.
**Diff = difference in percentage between mean nutrient intake in the fourth and first quartiles: [(mean in Q4 – mean in Q1)/general mean] × 100.