Table 1.
Distribution of selected characteristics among cases and controls: 5–17-month-old children in Yerevan, Armenia, April–August 2011
| Cases | Controls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean or % | sd | Mean or % | sd | P value* | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Birth length (cm) | 83 | 47·4 | 3·0 | 50·1 | 1·9 | <0·001 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 83 | 2·7 | 0·5 | 3·1 | 0·4 | <0·001 |
| Duration of any breast-feeding (months)† | 40 | 4·8 | 4·5 | 7·6 | 4·4 | 0·006 |
| Duration of exclusive breast-feeding (months) | 89 | 2·1 | 2·2 | 2·9 | 2·2 | 0·004 |
| Duration of predominant breast-feeding (months) | 89 | 3·2 | 2·3 | 4·6 | 2·7 | <0·001 |
| Score of food diversity | 88 | 5·0 | 1·2 | 5·7 | 1·2 | <0·001 |
| Any fruit in the last-day diet (%) | 89 | 82·0 | – | 94·4 | – | 0·012 |
| Any meat in the last-day diet (%) | 89 | 36·0 | – | 60·7 | – | 0·003 |
| Any cheese in the last day diet (%) | 89 | 66·3 | – | 86·5 | – | 0·001 |
| Low birth weight (<2·5 kg) (%) | 84 | 29·5 | – | 2·4 | – | <0·001 |
| Acute diseases within 30 d prior to anthropometrics (%) | 89 | 16·9 | – | 15·7 | – | 0·853 |
| Exposure to smoke (%) | ||||||
| Several times per week or more | 88 | 45·5 | – | 21·6 | – | <0·001 |
| Less than several times per week | 54·5 | – | 78·4 | – | ||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 83 | 28·1 | 4·9 | 27·4 | 4·5 | 0·321 |
| Weight (kg) | 78 | 59·0 | 11·8 | 59·2 | 10·2 | 0·932 |
| Height (cm) | 77 | 159·8 | 6·1 | 163·4 | 4·9 | <0·001 |
| Child-care knowledge score | 89 | 5·3 | 1·1 | 5·6 | 1·1 | 0·060 |
| Education (%) | ||||||
| Incomplete school (<10 years) | 89 | 20·2 | – | 16·9 | – | 0·147 |
| School/upper secondary (10–13 years) | 25·8 | – | 16·9 | – | ||
| University or higher | 53·9 | – | 66·3 | – | ||
| Employment (%) | ||||||
| Employed | 88 | 35·2 | – | 56·8 | – | 0·002 |
| Unemployed | 64·8 | – | 43·2 | – | ||
| Parity (%) | ||||||
| 1 | 89 | 58·4 | – | 61·8 | – | 0·631 |
| >1 | 41·6 | – | 38·2 | – | ||
| Previous birth interval (%) | ||||||
| <3 years | 89 | 19·1 | – | 11·2 | – | 0·144 |
| ≥3 years/primiparous | 80·9 | – | 88·8 | – | ||
| Health problems during pregnancy (%) | 89 | 20·2 | – | 15·7 | – | 0·480 |
| Paternal/household characteristics | ||||||
| Father's weight (kg) | 75 | 73·1 | 10·0 | 80·2 | 12·3 | <0·001 |
| Father's height (cm) | 75 | 171·3 | 5·6 | 175·8 | 5·5 | <0·001 |
| Number of employed household members | 89 | 1·7 | 0·9 | 2·0 | 1·0 | 0·015 |
| Family's SES score | 79 | 5·2 | 2·0 | 6·7 | 2·0 | <0·001 |
N, number of valid pairs; SES, socio-economic status.
*Paired t test for means and related-samples Wilcoxon test for proportions (two-sided P values).
†This variable was treated as missing if a child still received any breast-feeding at the time of the study.