Table 2.
Relative validity: mean and 95 % confidence interval of 3 d food record data by category of food items from the short FFQ among pre-school children (n 64) aged 2–5 years, metropolitan Sydney, Australia, September 2007–April 2008
| FFQ food item | Survey response categories | P for trend† | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetables | ≤4 servings/week (n 13) | >4–7 servings/week (n 21) | 1·5–2 servings/d (n 23) | >2 servings/d (n 7) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Servings/d | 0·7 | 0·4, 1·0 | 0·9 | 0·6, 1·3 | 1·8 | 1·3, 2·2 | 1·8 | 1·1, 2·5 | <0·0001 | ||||||||||||
| Fibre (g) | 16 | 12, 20 | 17 | 15, 19 | 18 | 16, 19 | 19 | 16, 21 | 0·15 | ||||||||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 56 | 28, 84 | 84 | 46, 123 | 111 | 89, 132 | 99 | 61, 136 | 0·03 | ||||||||||||
| Folate (μg) | 229 | 166, 291 | 206 | 178, 234 | 223 | 198, 248 | 234 | 198, 269 | 0·76 | ||||||||||||
| Fruits | ≤1 serving/d (n 16) | 1·5–2 servings/d (n 25) | 2·5–3 servings/d (n 16) | >3 servings/d (n 7) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Servings/d | 1·0 | 0·6, 1·4 | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·7 | 1·8 | 1·2, 2·3 | 2·8 | 1·9, 3·7 | <0·0001 | ||||||||||||
| Fibre (g) | 16 | 12, 19 | 17 | 15, 18 | 17 | 15, 20 | 22 | 19, 24 | 0·01 | ||||||||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 83 | 29, 137 | 87 | 66, 109 | 101 | 76, 125 | 88 | 59, 117 | 0·59 | ||||||||||||
| Red meats | ≤1 time/week (n 16) | 1–2 times/week (n 8) | >2–3 times/week (n 19) | >3 times/week (n 21) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Frequency/d | 0·2 | 0·1, 0·4 | 0·3 | 0·1, 0·6 | 0·4 | 0·3, 0·5 | 0·4 | 0·2, 0·6 | 0·17 | ||||||||||||
| Weight (g) | 17 | 4, 30 | 31 | 4, 58 | 26 | 12, 40 | 32 | 11, 53 | 0·29 | ||||||||||||
| Protein (g) | 60 | 54, 67 | 63 | 47, 79 | 59 | 54, 65 | 70 | 62, 79 | 0·12 | ||||||||||||
| Zn (mg) | 7·7 | 7·0, 8·3 | 8·5 | 6·5, 10·5 | 7·6 | 7·0, 8·3 | 9·3 | 8·1, 10·6 | 0·06 | ||||||||||||
| Processed meats | ≤2 times/month (n 16) | 1 time/week (n 17) | 2–3 times/week (n 16) | >3 times/week (n 15) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Frequency/d | 0·4 | 0·2, 0·6 | 0·4 | 0·2, 0·6 | 0·5 | 0·2, 0·7 | 0·5 | 0·3, 0·7 | 0·34 | ||||||||||||
| Weight (g) | 14 | 7, 22 | 21 | 10, 31 | 19 | 5, 33 | 21 | 9, 34 | 0·43 | ||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 5976 | 5379, 6573 | 5727 | 5219, 6573 | 7014 | 6187, 7841 | 6686 | 5888, 7485 | 0·02 | ||||||||||||
| Protein (g) | 61 | 52, 71 | 57 | 50, 63 | 70 | 60, 78 | 69 | 61, 77 | 0·05 | ||||||||||||
| Total fat (g) | 52 | 43, 60 | 51 | 47, 60 | 58 | 50, 65 | 58 | 50, 65 | 0·12 | ||||||||||||
| Zn (mg) | 8·0 | 6·7, 9·4 | 7·5 | 6·9, 8·2 | 9·0 | 8·0, 10·1 | 8·6 | 7·3, 9·9 | 0·16 | ||||||||||||
| High-fat potatoes | <1 time/month (n 15) | 1 time/month (n 15) | 2–3 times/month (n 12) | >1 time/week (n 22) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Frequency/d | 0·04 | −0·02, 0·11 | 0·04 | −0·02, 0·11 | 0·03 | −0·03, 0·09 | 0·12 | 0·01, 0·23 | 0·17 | ||||||||||||
| Weight (g) | 2·2 | −1·1, 5·5 | 5·9 | −3·2, 15·1 | 1·2 | −1·5, 3·9 | 9·2 | −0·9, 19·3 | 0·27 | ||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 5964 | 5513, 6416 | 6719 | 5920, 7518 | 6692 | 5915, 7468 | 6134 | 5412, 6856 | 0·94 | ||||||||||||
| Total fat (g) | 50 | 44, 57 | 57 | 50, 64 | 60 | 51, 68 | 53 | 46, 59 | 0·62 | ||||||||||||
| Salty snacks | <1 time/month (n 19) | 1 time/month (n 13) | 2–3 times/month (n 10) | >1 time/week (n 22) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Frequency/d | 0·09 | 0·00, 0·18 | 0·03 | −0·03, 0·08 | 0·07 | −0·03, 0·17 | 0·11 | 0·04, 0·18 | 0·55 | ||||||||||||
| Weight (g) | 2·2 | −0·1, 4·6 | 0·5 | −0·6, 1·6 | 0·8 | −0·7, 2·3 | 4·7 | 0·1, 9·3 | 0·21 | ||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 6399 | 5778, 7021 | 6087 | 5402, 6772 | 6724 | 5399, 8049 | 6252 | 5652, 6853 | 0·94 | ||||||||||||
| Total fat (g) | 56 | 49, 63 | 51 | 42, 60 | 55 | 45, 65 | 55 | 50, 60 | 0·97 | ||||||||||||
| Biscuits | <1 time/week (n 11) | 1–2 times/week (n 15) | 3–6 times/week (n 13) | ≥1 time/d (n 25) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Frequency/d | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·2 | 1·8 | 1·2, 2·3 | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·7 | 1·5 | 1·2, 1·9 | 0·15 | ||||||||||||
| Weight (g) | 18 | 8, 28 | 42 | 26, 58 | 44 | 22, 65 | 37 | 26, 48 | 0·17 | ||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 6217 | 5101, 7332 | 5835 | 5320, 6345 | 6682 | 5603, 7761 | 6509 | 6024, 6994 | 0·24 | ||||||||||||
| Total fat (g) | 56 | 43, 68 | 49 | 43, 55 | 58 | 48, 68 | 55 | 51, 59 | 0·60 | ||||||||||||
| Saturated fat (g) | 24 | 17, 31 | 22 | 19, 25 | 27 | 22, 33 | 26 | 24, 28 | 0·19 | ||||||||||||
| Sugars (g) | 79 | 62, 96 | 81 | 72, 91 | 96 | 77, 115 | 100 | 88, 111 | 0·01 | ||||||||||||
| Confectionery | <1 time/week (n 18) | 1–1·5 times/week (n 17) | 2–3 times/week (n 14) | ≥4 times/week (n 15) | |||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | ||||||||||||||
| Frequency/d | 0·3 | 0·0, 0·5 | 0·3 | 0·2, 0·5 | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·1 | 0·5 | 0·3, 0·7 | 0·09 | ||||||||||||
| Weight (g) | 2·7 | −0·1, 5·6 | 3·6 | 1·4, 5·9 | 6·1 | 2·1, 10·2 | 6·6 | 3·0, 10·2 | 0·04 | ||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 6168 | 5553, 6783 | 6747 | 6056, 7437 | 6796 | 5802, 7790 | 5643 | 5168, 6117 | 0·34 | ||||||||||||
| Sugars (g) | 89 | 73, 104 | 89 | 72, 105 | 104 | 90, 118 | 84 | 75, 93 | 0·97 | ||||||||||||
†One-way ANOVA with test for linearity.