Table 4.

Associations of different dietary patterns and breakfast consumption with HOMA-IR in the study population: representative sample of 1912 Greek schoolchildren aged 9–13 years, Healthy Growth Study, May 2007–June 2009

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
HOMA-IR (dependent variable)	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value
Independent variables in each model
Model A
Dietary pattern 1	−0·02	0·53	−0·01	0·70	0·01	0·78
Breakfast consumption	−0·41	<0·001	−0·37	<0·001	−0·03	0·12
Model B
Dietary pattern 2	0·03	0·53	0·01	0·72	−0·05	0·81
Breakfast consumption	−0·41	<0·001	−0·37	<0·001	−0·03	0·12
Model C
Dietary pattern 3	0·15	<0·001	0·17	<0·001	0·08	<0·001
Breakfast consumption	−0·43	<0·001	−0·39	<0·001	−0·04	0·82
Model D
Dietary pattern 4	−0·03	0·43	−0·03	0·46	−0·01	0·78
Breakfast consumption	−0·41	<0·001	−0·37	<0·001	−0·03	0·12
Model E
Dietary pattern 5	0·09	0·02	0·07	0·08	0·02	0·25
Breakfast consumption	−0·41	<0·001	−0·37	<0·001	−0·03	0·13

HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; β, standardized beta coefficient; WC, waist circumference; SES, socio-economic status.

Significant results are shown in bold font.

Model 1 = adjusted for breakfast consumption. Model 2 = adjusted for breakfast consumption, sex and Tanner stage. Model 3 = adjusted for breakfast consumption, sex, Tanner stage, WC, parental BMI, SES index, birth weight and physical activity.

Breakfast consumption = eating v. skipping. Dietary pattern 1 = higher consumption of fried potatoes, red meat and sugared beverages. Dietary pattern 2 = higher consumption of processed meat and cheese. Dietary pattern 3 = higher consumption of margarine and higher consumption of sweets and savoury snacks. Dietary pattern 4 = higher fruit and legumes consumption. Dietary pattern 5 = higher egg consumption and lower fish consumption.