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. 2013 Jul 18;17(7):1587–1594. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013001870

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of 8370 middle-aged Australian women who completed the third survey of the ALSWH in 2001 according to quintile of dietary macronutrient intakes*

Total carbohydrate Total protein Total fat
Characteristic at survey 3 (2001) Q1 Q3 Q5 P value Q1 Q3 Q5 P value Q1 Q3 Q5 P value
Area of residence (%)
Urban 35·72 36·04 35·60 0·82 38·65 35·90 31·18 0·0003 37·87 36·34 30·88 <0·0001
Large rural centre 14·22 14·23 14·16 15·05 14·58 14·22 14·34 16·74 13·68
Small rural and remote 13·92 15·06 14·81 13·62 13·56 15·05 15·35 12·97 16·01
Other rural and remote 36·14 34·67 35·42 32·68 35·96 39·55 32·44 33·95 39·43
Education (%)
Year 10 or equivalent 47·36 46·06 47·04 0·10 47·11 43·79 50·60 0·0002 45·05 45·27 49·61 0·001
Year 12 or equivalent 18·27 16·66 15·66 16·39 18·30 15·12 18·32 17·24 16·78
Trade/certificate 18·69 20·14 21·83 19·76 21·24 21·20 21·32 20·37 20·81
University degree 15·69 17·14 15·49 16·75 16·68 13·07 15·32 17·12 12·81
Physical activity (%)
None 19·94 16·18 14·64 0·0002 18·90 14·36 17·60 0·058 14·38 16·03 19·49 0·001
Low 37·03 39·54 39·21 35·62 38·99 36·38 35·46 38·04 38·85
Moderate 19·81 18·80 21·65 20·59 20·85 20·75 22·57 20·76 18·68
High 23·22 25·48 24·50 24·89 25·80 25·26 27·59 25·17 22·98
Smoking status (%)
Never smoked 48·86 57·99 59·78 <0·0001 53·05 57·99 56·73 0·096 55·45 57·30 55·12 0·01
Ex-smoker 30·98 28·19 28·97 30·66 28·13 28·83 31·25 26·93 28·33
Smoker (<10 cigarettes/d) 3·13 2·21 1·85 3·21 2·64 2·22 3·06 3·39 2·41
Smoker (10–19 cigarettes/d) 5·29 3·50 3·08 4·32 3·44 3·40 3·25 3·82 4·51
Smoker (≥20 cigarettes/d) 11·74 8·11 6·33 8·76 7·80 8·83 6·99 8·56 9·63
Menopausal status (%)
Premenopausal 20·97 23·97 24·21 0·19 21·98 23·30 23·01 0·73 21·92 22·10 23·13 0·78
Perimenopausal 5·50 4·18 3·89 5·62 4·60 4·06 4·48 4·42 4·72
Postmenopausal 0·18 0·18 0·18 0·18 0·24 0·12 0·12 0·18 0·18
Surgical menopausal 21·09 20·62 20·68 19·65 20·79 22·41 22·94 19·95 21·40
HRT use 16·67 14·29 14·76 15·35 14·04 15·24 14·04 16·91 14·88
OCP use 35·60 36·76 36·28 37·22 37·04 35·15 36·50 36·44 35·68
BMI (%)†
Low (<18·5 kg/m2) 4·66 4·30 4·84 0·17 5·20 4·72 3·88 <0·0001 3·52 4·72 5·26 <0·0001
Normal weight (≥18·5–<25·0 kg/m2) 52·75 51·79 48·21 56·63 51·55 45·82 52·81 52·93 46·83
Overweight (≥25·0–<30·0 kg/m2) 27·96 27·48 29·51 25·93 28·55 29·45 29·51 26·88 27·36
Obese (≥30·0 kg/m2) 14·64 16·43 17·44 12·25 15·17 20·85 14·16 15·47 20·55
Alcohol intake (%)
Non-drinker 10·28 12·58 16·71 0·53 14·25 12·06 14·72 0·016 11·67 13·05 15·02 0·11
Low risk drinker 81·37 82·66 80·77 80·70 83·29 79·82 82·88 82·08 80·05
Risky drinker 7·03 3·97 2·34 4·27 4·22 4·88 4·49 4·39 4·27
High-risk drinker 1·32 0·78 0·18 0·78 0·42 0·66 0·96 0·48 0·66
Self-rated health as good 88·21 89·88 88·52 0·09 88·08 89·10 88·35 0·32 89·10 89·59 87·63 0·15
Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd
SFA (g/d)‡ 18·5 7·2 24·2 8·4 36·9 14·9 <0·0001 16·7 5·9 23·6 7·5 39·0 14·1 <0·0001 13·4 3·1 23·5 3·9 42·5 12·0 <0·0001
MUFA (g/d)‡ 16·3 5·9 21·4 6·7 32·5 12·1 <0·0001 14·5 4·0 20·9 5·2 35·1 11·2 <0·0001 12·2 2·4 21·0 2·2 37·1 9·7 <0·0001
Fibre (g/d)‡ 13·1 3·4 19·5 4·5 30·0 8·3 <0·0001 14·7 4·9 19·8 5·9 28·0 9·0 <0·0001 16·7 6·0 19·6 7·1 26·4 8·6 <0·0001
Energy intake (kJ/d)‡ 4530 904 6424 911 9936 2278 <0·0001 4558 778 6408 955 9953 2330 <0·0001 4590 826 6356 954 10 000 2267 <0·0001

ALSWH, Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; OCP, oral contraceptive pill.

*Data are expressed as percentage (%); P value obtained using χ 2 test of association.

†[Weight (kg)]/[height (m)]2.

‡Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation; P value obtained using ANOVA.