Table 2.
Diet and lifestyle characteristics at baseline by sex-specific quintiles of adherence to the SFP score among 6717 participants aged 35–69 years, EPIC-Granada study
| Men | Women | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SFP score quintile | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | ||||||||
| Median score | 64·2 | 80·9 | 101·4 | 71·3 | 89·6 | 101·6 | ||||||||
| Range | 42·5–62·3 | 70·4–76·8 | 86·2–129·0 | 41·6–77·2 | 85·6–93·7 | 103·2–137·8 | ||||||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P value* | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P value* | |
| Age (years) | 50·8 | 7·8 | 51·2 | 7·9 | 51·2 | 7·5 | 0·232 | 48·0 | 8·8 | 48·7 | 8·5 | 49·7 | 8·5 | 0·591 |
| Weight | 81·9 | 11·7 | 82·2 | 10·9 | 81·0 | 11·0 | 0·059 | 69·3 | 12·0 | 70·8 | 11·5 | 70·5 | 11·1 | 0·537 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29·1 | 3·7 | 28·8 | 4·1 | 28·7 | 3·5 | 0·071 | 28·7 | 5·1 | 29·3 | 5·0 | 29·1 | 4·5 | 0·052 |
| WC (cm) | 100·8 | 10·0 | 100·3 | 10·0 | 98·6 | 9·4 | 0·002 | 87·6 | 12·3 | 88·2 | 11·4 | 87·3 | 11·1 | 0·001 |
| Dietary components (g/d) of the SFP score† | ||||||||||||||
| Dairy products | 213·1 | 152·3 | 280·9 | 177·7 | 283·1 | 165·7 | <0·001 | 359·0 | 217·8 | 388·7 | 206·5 | 407·3 | 224·1 | <0·001 |
| Rice, cereals | 55·3 | 30·4 | 65·1 | 34·9 | 80·4 | 41·0 | <0·001 | 65·1 | 39·9 | 69·3 | 36·0 | 72·3 | 36·0 | <0·001 |
| Bread | 143·5 | 62·3 | 156·8 | 70·4 | 156·0 | 62·2 | 0·054 | 150·7 | 71·5 | 148·2 | 66·7 | 120·6 | 63·4 | <0·001 |
| Potatoes | 53·9 | 47·7 | 62·8 | 40·47 | 66·7 | 39·1 | <0·001 | 59·5 | 39·0 | 65·0 | 34·1 | 63·0 | 37·7 | 0·028 |
| Vegetables | 145·9 | 87·0 | 220·2 | 113·5 | 382·4 | 170·1 | <0·001 | 167·7 | 89·3 | 274·2 | 124·3 | 437·9 | 186·2 | <0·001 |
| Fruits | 147·3 | 114·0 | 263·5 | 158·5 | 461·9 | 258·3 | <0·001 | 188·8 | 126·9 | 348·0 | 197·9 | 561·1 | 248·7 | <0·001 |
| Olive oil | 13·9 | 8·3 | 21·6 | 10·4 | 29·4 | 11·7 | <0·001 | 15·6 | 9·3 | 23·8 | 10·8 | 30·7 | 11·7 | <0·001 |
| Fish | 60·3 | 43·8 | 65·3 | 47·8 | 73·3 | 40·2 | <0·001 | 47·7 | 39·5 | 60·7 | 40·8 | 74·8 | 40·2 | <0·001 |
| Lean meat, poultry, eggs | 50·3 | 41·0 | 45·8 | 31·1 | 51·0 | 23·1 | 0·002 | 60·7 | 46·4 | 66·8 | 35·9 | 78·2 | 40·6 | <0·001 |
| Legumes | 39·5 | 28·7 | 45·6 | 28·1 | 49·8 | 25·9 | <0·010 | 38·5 | 30·2 | 44·5 | 26·1 | 43·8 | 26·2 | 0·002 |
| Nuts | 9·4 | 22·0 | 8·8 | 12·4 | 8·2 | 12·4 | 0·001 | 8·6 | 16·4 | 6·0 | 11·0 | 6·9 | 11·1 | <0·001 |
| Butter, margarine | 2·7 | 6·2 | 2·4 | 4·5 | 2·0 | 3·9 | <0·001 | 6·7 | 9·2 | 4·5 | 6·6 | 2·9 | 5·4 | <0·001 |
| Fatty meats & meat products | 76·0 | 44·2 | 60·5 | 38·9 | 41·8 | 34·0 | <0·001 | 64·8 | 42·9 | 50·8 | 33·4 | 36·3 | 26·6 | <0·001 |
| Sweets, cakes, drinks | 124·8 | 140·0 | 107·3 | 110·1 | 83·0 | 100·5 | <0·001 | 169·9 | 184·4 | 110·2 | 124·3 | 90·5 | 111·4 | <0·001 |
| Wine, beer | 369·4 | 251·2 | 164·2 | 189·9 | 66·6 | 113·2 | <0·001 | 79·5 | 150·4 | 31·8 | 88·3 | 14·4 | 40·0 | <0·004 |
| Energy (kJ/d) | 10 770 | 2596 | 9560 | 2279 | 8431 | 2042 | <0·001 | 7757 | 2286 | 7109 | 1836 | 6243 | 1640 | <0·001 |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 2574 | 620·4 | 2285 | 544·8 | 2015 | 488·0 | <0·001 | 1854 | 546·4 | 1699 | 438·9 | 1492 | 391·9 | <0·001 |
| Walking (MET/h) | 18·9 | 18·2 | 21·9 | 18·6 | 24·8 | 17·5 | <0·001 | 14·9 | 13·5 | 18·3 | 13·0 | 23·3 | 13·8 | <0·001 |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 33·5 | 25·5 | 12·0 | 14·9 | 4·7 | 8·4 | <0·001 | 3·9 | 8·0 | 1·4 | 3·9 | 0·6 | 1·8 | <0·001 |
| n | % | n | % | n | % | P value* | n | % | n | % | n | % | P value* | |
| BMI category | ||||||||||||||
| Normal weight and overweight | 175 | 59·7 | 196 | 66·9 | 203 | 69·3 | 674 | 64·1 | 632 | 60·1 | 654 | 62·3 | ||
| Obese | 118 | 40·3 | 97 | 33·1 | 90 | 30·7 | 0·009 | 377 | 35·9 | 419 | 39·9 | 396 | 37·7 | 0·174 |
| WC | ||||||||||||||
| Normal and moderate | 157 | 53·6 | 160 | 54·6 | 192 | 65·5 | 558 | 53·1 | 517 | 49·2 | 564 | 53·7 | ||
| Large | 136 | 46·4 | 133 | 45·4 | 101 | 34·5 | 0·001 | 493 | 46·9 | 534 | 50·8 | 486 | 46·3 | 0·004 |
| Physical activity‡ | ||||||||||||||
| Inactive | 75 | 25·6 | 75 | 25·6 | 83 | 28·3 | 642 | 61·1 | 650 | 61·8 | 573 | 54·6 | ||
| Moderately inactive | 104 | 35·5 | 96 | 32·7 | 99 | 33·8 | 327 | 31·1 | 286 | 27·2 | 319 | 30·4 | ||
| Moderately active | 56 | 19·1 | 67 | 22·9 | 56 | 19·1 | 62 | 5·9 | 84 | 8·0 | 119 | 11·3 | ||
| Active | 58 | 19·8 | 55 | 18·8 | 55 | 18·7 | <0·001 | 20 | 1·9 | 31 | 3·0 | 39 | 3·7 | <0·001 |
| Educational level§ | ||||||||||||||
| Up to secondary school | 191 | 65·2 | 174 | 59·4 | 157 | 53·6 | 843 | 80·2 | 857 | 81·5 | 809 | 77·0 | ||
| More than secondary school | 98 | 33·4 | 114 | 38·9 | 132 | 45·1 | 0·001 | 201 | 19·1 | 180 | 17·1 | 227 | 21·6 | 0·01 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 67 | 22·9 | 87 | 29·7 | 115 | 39·2 | 747 | 71·1 | 833 | 79·3 | 813 | 77·4 | ||
| Former | 110 | 37·5 | 107 | 36·5 | 106 | 36·2 | 86 | 8·2 | 78 | 7·4 | 99 | 9·4 | ||
| Current smoker | 116 | 39·6 | 99 | 33·8 | 72 | 24·6 | <0·001 | 218 | 20·7 | 140 | 13·3 | 138 | 13·1 | <0·001 |
SFP, Spanish Food Pyramid; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; WC, waist circumference; MET, metabolic equivalents.
*
χ 2 test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables, or Kruskal–Wallis, where appropriate.
†
Intake of all food groups (g/d) was standardized to 8368 kJ/d (2000 kcal/d).
‡
Physical activity levels according to the Physical Activity Index( 28 ).
§
Missing, n 76.