Table 4.
Multilevel linear model for fruit consumption with interaction between rurality and deprivation (REML estimates*; se) among 15-year-old adolescents; data from the 2010 Scotland Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey
| Fruit consumption | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mean | se | |
| Fixed effects | ||
| Constant/intercept | 5·52 | 2·32 |
| Age | −0·09 | 0·15 |
| Sex (ref.: Male) | ||
| Female | 0·42 | 0·09‡ |
| FAS (ref.: Low FAS) | ||
| Medium FAS | 0·11 | 0·12 |
| High FAS | 0·22 | 0·12 |
| Deprivation (SIMD score/10) | −0·17 | 0·05‡ |
| School type (ref.: State school) | ||
| Independent school | 0·97 | 0·29‡ |
| Rurality (ref.: Four Cities) | ||
| Other Urban | −0·11 | 0·24 |
| Accessible Towns | −0·30 | 0·31 |
| Remote Towns | −0·49 | 0·35 |
| Accessible Rural | 0·70 | 0·32‡ |
| Remote Rural | 0·70 | 0·33‡ |
| Rurality × Deprivation interaction (ref.: Four Cities × SIMD score/10) | ||
| Other Urban × SIMD score/10 | −0·04 | 0·09 |
| Accessible Towns × SIMD score/10 | −0·06 | 0·15 |
| Remote Towns × SIMD score/10 | 0·21 | 0·15 |
| Accessible Rural × SIMD score/10 | −0·44 | 0·19‡ |
| Remote Rural × SIMD score/10 | −0·34 | 0·17‡ |
| Random effects | ||
| Level 1 (child) variance | 5·638 | 0·159 |
| Level 2 (school) variance | 0·162 | 0·057 |
| Level 3 (education authority) variance | 0·000 | 0·000 |
| −2 log likelihood | 12 189·8 | |
| No. of parameters | 20 | |
| AIC† | 12 229·8 | |
REML, restricted maximum likelihood; ref., referent category; FAS, Family Affluence Scale; SIMD, 2006 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation.
*Via restricted iterative generalised least squares (RIGLS).
†AIC is the Akaike Information Criterion; the larger this is, the worse the model fit.
‡95 % CI is above or below 0.