Table 2.
Unadjusted odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of the associations between breakfast skipping, demographic and lifestyle characteristics and PA among adolescents who participated in NHANES, 2007–2008
| Meets PA recommendations for age | ||
|---|---|---|
| Exposure and demographic variables | OR | 95 % CI |
| Breakfast skipper | ||
| Yes | 0·85 | 0·55, 1·30 |
| No | 1·00 | Referent |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 0·50 | 0·35, 0·71 |
| Male | 1·00 | Referent |
| Age (years) | ||
| 12–15 | 0·83 | 0·63, 1·09 |
| 16–19 | 1·00 | Referent |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1·00 | Referent |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0·72 | 0·48, 1·08 |
| Hispanic | 0·54 | 0·32, 0·90 |
| Other | 1·07 | 0·41, 2·80 |
| Annual household income | ||
| <$US 25 000 | 0·35 | 0·27, 0·47 |
| $US 25 000–49 999 | 0·54 | 0·32, 0·90 |
| ≥$US 50 000 | 1·00 | Referent |
| Household food security | ||
| Full | 1·00 | Referent |
| Marginal | 0·57 | 0·29, 1·12 |
| Low | 0·51 | 0·33, 0·79 |
| Very low | 0·98 | 0·39, 2·45 |
| Education level of parent | ||
| <High school | 0·50 | 0·36, 0·70 |
| High school | 0·62 | 0·39, 0·99 |
| >High school | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 0·81 | 0·24, 2·71 |
| Education level of parent's spouse | ||
| <High school | 0·53 | 0·27, 1·02 |
| High school | 0·89 | 0·44, 1·83 |
| >High school | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 0·52 | 0·29, 0·93 |
| Marital status of parent | ||
| Married | 1·00 | Referent |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 0·69 | 0·38, 1·27 |
| Single | 0·48 | 0·25, 0·90 |
| Living with partner | 0·23 | 0·06, 0·94 |
| Missing | 0·91 | 0·49, 1·68 |
| Tobacco/nicotine use in last 5 d | ||
| Yes | 0·80 | 0·45, 1·43 |
| No | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 0·24 | 0·08, 0·72 |
| Receives school lunch | ||
| Always (5 d/week) | 0·89 | 0·47, 1·68 |
| Sometimes (1–4 d/week) | 0·90 | 0·43, 1·89 |
| Never (0 d/week) | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 0·67 | 0·27, 1·64 |
| Trying to lose weight? | ||
| Yes | 0·91 | 0·43, 1·43 |
| No | 1·00 | Referent |
| Missing | 0·23 | 0·08, 0·65 |
| BMI* | ||
| Normal weight (<85th percentile) | 1·00 | Referent |
| Overweight (85th–95th percentile) | 0·80 | 0·45, 1·40 |
| Obese (≥95th percentile) | 0·67 | 0·41, 1·08 |
PA, physical activity; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
*To determine weight status in children and adolescents aged 2–19 years, BMI was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in metres (kg/m2) and this number was then compared on a standardized growth chart. Children and adolescents who were at the 85th but below the 95th percentile were considered overweight; those at or above the 95th percentile were considered obese.